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Although I'm a firm supporter of the UN, I wouldn't be comfortable with giving it veto power over US foreign and military policy... so, as far as UN authorization goes, it was a handy way for President Truman to avoid having to obtain Congressional authorization for intervening in Korea, but I don't think it adds all that much to the legitimacy question...
You don't need UN authority per se but it certainly lends a huge degree of legitimacy. The USA doesn't want to be seen in the same vein as the old USSR.
The USA is a Republic after all - the rule of law.
UN sanction legalized armed conflict.
The UK sought it in 1982 before the Falklands Conflict turned hot
The USA sought it in 1990 before the 1st Gulf War turned hot
..."winnable" wars are only clear in hindsight, are they not? I'm sure World War II looked pretty "unwinnable" to Britain in the summer of 1940....were they wrong to not throw in the towel?
WWII from Britain's perspective was a war of survival.
The US military thought Vietnam was winnable...just as the USSR thought that suppressing opposition to their puppet state in Afghanistan wouldn't be much of a problem.
The British army has 300 years experience of colonial policing.
Could the British army have won in Vietnam ? No. That's an advantage the British had in Malaya - they were fighting over lad that they owned, not some foreign field.
(note, not that it helped the French in Indochina or Algeria)
Before Vietnam, the USA had no experience of COIN ops...unless of course you count the early stages of the Revolutionary War.
...President Johnson didn't commit US ground forces to the fighting until the NVA started sending units down the Ho Chi Minh Trail in 1965. If the conflict had remained ARVN vs. VC - as had been up to that point - then there would have been no US ground forces deployed...
This is the escalation argument. The US kept increasing its commitment to Vietnam and was matched by the North Vietnamese every escaltion...but what if the USA had gone in, in 1962 with the same force it had at its peak in 1968 ?
I really don't think this would have made a difference long term.
The US painted itself into a corner...the only way to win was to occupy ALL of Vietnam and hope a popular indigenous government could be formed.
Personally I maintain that the USA's best weapon was the $ bill
Kennedy should have invited Ho Chi Minh to Camp David and offered to build hospitals, dams, airports, US factories to earn hard currency. Yes Ho Chi Minh would have been a communist but he'd have been OUR communist. And as Vietnam prospered so communism would have been diluted.