While the Civil War all but consumed Abraham Lincoln’spresidency, it did not account for all United States military actionin those years. The 1860s also witnessed the beginning of theIndian Wars on the western frontier. Of these militaryengagements, Lincoln had the most direct involvement with theMinnesota Dakota War (sometimes called the Great SiouxUprising or Little Crow’s War). By the summer of 1862, theSantee Sioux of Minnesota (hereinafter “Dakota”) had ceded mostof their land to the United States in exchange for a narrow strip ofland along the Minnesota River and the promise of annuitypayments. But several years of drought and crop failures, corruptIndian agents who cheated them out of their annuities, andmounting frustration over their vanishing way of life, became toomuch for many Dakota. On August 17, 1862, a group of teenagedDakota boys murdered five settlers just outside of Acton,Minnesota. Fearful of white retaliation, the Dakota Council votedfor war, and the next morning several bands of Dakota warriors, led by Little Crow, attacked white settlement towns, killing,raping, and plundering indiscriminately.
Lincoln assigned General John Pope, fresh from a startlingdefeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run, to put down the uprising.Pope saw the assignment as an opportunity to regain his reputationand vowed to “utterly exterminate the Sioux…They are to betreated as maniacs and wild beasts.” Assisted by MinnesotaGovernor Alexander Ramsey and militia Colonel Henry H. Sibley,the campaign against the Dakota was concluded in thirty-sevendays of fighting. But the cost was high: approximately 360 settlerswere killed, along with ~105 soldiers and militia members, andtwenty-nine Dakota warriors. Hundreds of Dakota were takencaptive and placed in prisoner camps.
A military commission of five officers was established tosummarily try the Indians who had participated in the uprising.Working at breakneck speed, in just five weeks the commissionconducted 392 trials, sometimes as many as forty per day. Apresumption of guilt applied at the trials; that is, it was assumedthat each warrior had participated in the uprising and would bepunished. No legal counsel was provided for the accused. Whileeach defendant was allowed to make a statement on his ownbehalf, he was not permitted to call witnesses. Then prosecutionwitnesses were called—usually eyewitnesses who testified thatthey had seen the defendant fire a weapon, kill a settler, or commitan atrocity. One key witness, a mixed-blood man named Godfrey,testified against over fifty individuals, and for his cooperation received a life sentence rather than the death penalty. A total of300+ Dakota men were found guilty and sentenced to hang. Publicsentiment in Minnesota overwhelmingly approved the verdicts, andmost residents demanded that the executions quickly take place.
sidents demanded that the executions quickly take place.Before the death sentences could be carried out, however,President Lincoln had to review the trial records, as mandated byfederal law. Lincoln sought to balance a sense of justice against thepublic insistence for revenge. He said, “Anxious to not act with somuch clemency as to encourage another outbreak on one hand, norwith so much severity as to be real cruelty on the other, I ordered acareful examination of the records of the trials to be made…” Lincoln further refined the basis for his decision by differentiatingbetween those “who were proven to have participatedin massacres, as distinguished from participation in battles.” Inshort, unlike the military commission, Lincoln distinguishedbetween “individual acts and group warfare.” This was animportant distinction to Lincoln. He “did not propose to…declareto the world that he had agreed to the execution of three hundredprisoners of war.” Using these standards, Lincoln pared the list ofcondemned men to thirty-eight after two months of analysis. TheDakota militants were executed on December 26, 1862 inMankato, Minnesota, the largest single mass execution inAmerican history. (
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The above is not among the most often taught events in U.S. high schools' American history curricula. Were it, I wonder what impact it'd have on the conventional viewpoint most Americans develop re: Lincoln.