Every 4 years we have a major presidential election. This is always such a major event that it encourages many people to go out and vote. The winning presidential candidate also helps Congressional and Senate candidates to get elected. Obama won and had a Senate and House majority. Turmp won and had a Senate and House majority.
Then two years later we have some midterm elections. The party that lost the presidential election is usually more motivated to vote in the midterms because they're unhappy about the results of the presidential election. Then the president loses one chamber and can't get anything passed.
This is a dumb system. Why can't Congressional and Senate terms be 4 years and elections happen every 4 years? Congressional terms are way too short at just 2 years. It means they spend all their time campaigning.
We have a system designed for gridlock.
I'd say the first midterm election is a way for the people to voice their objections when they think a president and congress controlled by the same party has gone too far. Sure Trump lost the house in his first midterm as did Obama. But G.W. Bush and the Republican maintained control of both chambers of congress in his first midterm. Bill Clinton lost both the House and the Senate in his first midterm. G.H.W. Bush and the Republicans never had control of either chamber. Reagan and the Republicans didn't have control of the house when he was elected, but Reagan brought the GOP control of the senate which the Republican maintained in Ronnie's first midterm.
Jimmy Carter maintained control of both chambers in his first midterm. Nixon and the Republican never had control of either chambers and thus didn't lose either one in his first midterm. LBJ and the Democrats had control of both chambers and didn't lose either one, JFK also. The Democrats controlled both chambers and maintained control of both in JFK's first midterm.
The midterms are a way for the people to voice their frustrations and anger at the president. Loss of the house can be tied directly to how the majority of Americans view the president. His approval rating.
Trump's approval was at 38% when he lost the house in 2018
Obama's approval was at 44% when he lost the house in 2010
G.W. Bush's approval was at 63% when he maintained control of the House in 2002
Bill Clinton's approval was at 41% when he lost the house in 1994
G.H.W. Bush and Reagan's approval doesn't matter as neither had control of the House of Representative.
Jimmy Carter approval was at 52% when he maintained control of the House.
Nixon never had control of the house and his approval rating is thus also irrelevant. I'll stop here.
But what we see is presidents who have an approval rating of below 50% or a disapproval rating higher then their approval lose the first midterm and the House. Those presidents whose approval rating is higher than their disapproval ratings, maintain control of the House.
The midterms give the people a way to show their objections and disapproval of the way any president is handling his job by giving the House to the opposite party. Or it is a way to show approval of the job a president is doing by letting him and his party keep control of the House.
Gridlock isn't always a bad thing. It can be a good thing. What gridlock does is make the president and his party go the compromise route, playing the game of give and take. To moderate policy and legislation, prevents the extremes. I love divided government.