My oldest son was driving from the Olympic Peninsula to Tacoma when he went under an overpass and a rock came through the windshield of his car. He wasn't hurt (thank God!) and the kids who did it were caught, but even bearing that my son was that close to being killed, I strongly disagree that those boys should be charged with murder. Manslaughter, yes, but not murder.
I'd be more keen on letting a jury decide between 2nd degree murder and involuntary manslaughter for the one who through the fatal rock. It was several pounds. The cars were going at least 70mph on that highway.
I'm not typing out the full model superior court instruction, but if that state's law is like MA, 2nd degree murder intent:
A. Intended to kill the victim; or
B. Intended to cause grievous bodily harm; or
C. Intended to do an act which, in the circumstances known to the defendant, a reasonable person would have known created a plain and strong likelihood that death would result.
There's also potential reduction to voluntary manslaughter in murder 2 cases where there are mitigating circumstances, but the ones they have in mind don't seem to be present here (Def. acted in heat of passion).
The prosecutor could choose to charge voluntary manslaughter and ignore murder, in which case the intent is "The defendant intentionally inflicted an injury or injuries on the victim likely to cause death", plus death, plus no proper self-defense or third-party self defense.
There's also involuntary manslaughter
- unlawful killing unintentionally caused by wanton and reckless conduct
- caused by a battery that the defendant knew or should have known created a high degree of likelihood that substantial harm will result to another.
There's more variations but you get the point. Here, if a "reasonable view" of the evidence permits a finding of involuntary manslaughter rather than murder, the defendant is entitled to an instruction on involuntary manslaughter even if the government only alleged murder. But there are exceptions. yadda yadda.
If I were the prosecutor I'd be inclined to simply charge murder 2nd. Sounds like they'd likely get an involuntary manslaughter instruction. But I dunno. Seems there's a plain and strong likelihood of death if you throw a several-pound rock at a car on a highway. The only random factor is whether you hit. Enough for reckless & wanton manslaughter instead? I'd let a jury decide that.