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[W:146]**The Qur'an in chronological order.

stevecanuck

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In 610 CE, a 40-year-old illiterate Meccan merchant named Mohamed began claiming that God had sent the angel Gabriel to him with divine revelations "so that Man may receive admonition"; a claim he maintained for the remaining 22 1/2 years of his life. The number of verses he received from God (or made up himself, depending on your beliefs) eventually grew to 6,236, and became the Qur'an. As Mohamed was illiterate, he taught the Qur'an from memory. It was not compiled into written form until several years after his death.

In 622, after 12 years of a relatively fruitless attempt to convert the pagan Meccans to Islam, Mohamed left Mecca for the Jewish city of Yathrib, which he renamed Medina after he turned it into a Muslim city at the expense of the Jewish population. This migration is known as the Hijrah, and is the start of the Islamic calendar. The tone and content of the Qur'an changed noticeably after the Hijrah, although this is difficult to discern because the Qur'an is not compiled in chronological order. It jumps from Meccan verses to Medinan verses and back again, which makes an already difficult read even harder.

In order to get a clearer sense of the Qur'an's progression from innocuous, and frankly boring, repetition of Old Testament stories and dire warnings of ever-lasting fiery torment, into calls for war and subjugation of unbelievers, I decided to read it in chronological order. Below is a summary of my findings to date.

The first 49 surahs chronologically are 96, 68, 73, 74, 1, 111, 81, 87, 92, 89, 93, 94, 103, 100, 108, 102, 107, 109, 105, 113, 114, 112, 53, 80, 97, 91, 85, 95, 106, 101, 75, 104, 77, 50, 90, 86, 54, 38, 7, 72, 36, 25*, 35, 19**, 20, 56, 26, 27, 28. Their message, although seemingly universally applicable, was directed exclusively toward the pagans of Mecca as Mohamed tried, without much success, to convert them to monotheism (Islam) under his leadership. They are so similar in theme and content that it would be repetitive to quote them individually. They can be summarized as follows:

- The Qur'an comes from God who created all things.
- God has no equals or partners.
- God sent Gabriel to Mohamed to deliver the Qur'an.
- Mohamed is not insane. Do not mock him. He is only a messenger.
- The five pillars of Islam; faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage, are introduced.
- Obeying Mohamed, and therefore God, is your most important duty in life.
- Obey him and be rewarded in Paradise; disobey him and suffer eternally in the Fire (This is repeated countless times).
- Old Testament stories of Adam, Moses, Noah, Lot, Abraham, etc. are repeatedly used as a reminder of God's wrath.
- Earth will be destroyed on Judgement Day and every person will be judged and sent to either Heaven or Hell.
- Do not trade an eternity of bliss in Heaven for temporary pleasures on Earth.
- People are either believers or unbelievers. (every description of right and wrong in the Qur'an is based on this distinction.)
- Unbelievers are evil followers of Satan.
- Rejecting the word of God (Islam) is the greatest sin.
- First mention is made that God did not have a son.
- First mention is made of virgin companions in Heaven for believers (3 times).

* Surah 25 is the first to contain the word 'jihad'. To this point, Mohamed's struggle against the Meccan's pagan beliefs has been limited to preaching, therefore it can be assumed that verse 25:52, which tells believers to struggle (wage jihad) against the unbelievers, does not mean to fight them physically, but through recitation of the Qur'an. However, it also contains the first reference to killing. Verse 25:68 says, "do not slay the soul, which Allah has forbidden except in the requirements of justice". This verse may seem out of place because it is. It is actually a Medinan verse that was retroactively inserted into this surah.

**Surah 19 tells the story of Mary giving birth to Jesus, and stresses that he is only a prophet. To say that he is the son of God is "hideous, evil, monstrous, abominable, or atrocious" depending on the translation.

That's a far as I've read for now. Next up is surah 17. I hope to finish this before the summer is over.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

You can read Arabic?
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

You can read Arabic?

I know that was a snarky rhetorical question, but, surprise surprise, yes I can. But, not easily. I've read what I consider to be the important bits in the qur'an in Arabic just to make sure I can stand behind the translations.

Your snarkiness aside, I rely on the 7 most used English translations when I read the Qur'an. Here's the site if you want to quibble: The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Word by Word Grammar, Syntax and Morphology of the Holy Quran
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

I know that was a snarky rhetorical question, but, surprise surprise, yes I can. But, not easily. I've read what I consider to be the important bits in the qur'an in Arabic just to make sure I can stand behind the translations.

Your snarkiness aside, I rely on the 7 most used English translations when I read the Qur'an. Here's the site if you want to quibble: The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Word by Word Grammar, Syntax and Morphology of the Holy Quran
That’s impressive - I’ve heard it is a difficult language.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

In 610 CE, a 40-year-old illiterate Meccan merchant named Mohamed began claiming that God had sent the angel Gabriel to him with divine revelations "so that Man may receive admonition"; a claim he maintained for the remaining 22 1/2 years of his life. The number of verses he received from God (or made up himself, depending on your beliefs) eventually grew to 6,236, and became the Qur'an. As Mohamed was illiterate, he taught the Qur'an from memory. It was not compiled into written form until several years after his death.

In 622, after 12 years of a relatively fruitless attempt to convert the pagan Meccans to Islam, Mohamed left Mecca for the Jewish city of Yathrib, which he renamed Medina after he turned it into a Muslim city at the expense of the Jewish population. This migration is known as the Hijrah, and is the start of the Islamic calendar. The tone and content of the Qur'an changed noticeably after the Hijrah, although this is difficult to discern because the Qur'an is not compiled in chronological order. It jumps from Meccan verses to Medinan verses and back again, which makes an already difficult read even harder.

In order to get a clearer sense of the Qur'an's progression from innocuous, and frankly boring, repetition of Old Testament stories and dire warnings of ever-lasting fiery torment, into calls for war and subjugation of unbelievers, I decided to read it in chronological order. Below is a summary of my findings to date.

The first 49 surahs chronologically are 96, 68, 73, 74, 1, 111, 81, 87, 92, 89, 93, 94, 103, 100, 108, 102, 107, 109, 105, 113, 114, 112, 53, 80, 97, 91, 85, 95, 106, 101, 75, 104, 77, 50, 90, 86, 54, 38, 7, 72, 36, 25*, 35, 19**, 20, 56, 26, 27, 28. Their message, although seemingly universally applicable, was directed exclusively toward the pagans of Mecca as Mohamed tried, without much success, to convert them to monotheism (Islam) under his leadership. They are so similar in theme and content that it would be repetitive to quote them individually. They can be summarized as follows:

- The Qur'an comes from God who created all things.
- God has no equals or partners.
- God sent Gabriel to Mohamed to deliver the Qur'an.
- Mohamed is not insane. Do not mock him. He is only a messenger.
- The five pillars of Islam; faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage, are introduced.
- Obeying Mohamed, and therefore God, is your most important duty in life.
- Obey him and be rewarded in Paradise; disobey him and suffer eternally in the Fire (This is repeated countless times).
- Old Testament stories of Adam, Moses, Noah, Lot, Abraham, etc. are repeatedly used as a reminder of God's wrath.
- Earth will be destroyed on Judgement Day and every person will be judged and sent to either Heaven or Hell.
- Do not trade an eternity of bliss in Heaven for temporary pleasures on Earth.
- People are either believers or unbelievers. (every description of right and wrong in the Qur'an is based on this distinction.)
- Unbelievers are evil followers of Satan.
- Rejecting the word of God (Islam) is the greatest sin.
- First mention is made that God did not have a son.
- First mention is made of virgin companions in Heaven for believers (3 times).

* Surah 25 is the first to contain the word 'jihad'. To this point, Mohamed's struggle against the Meccan's pagan beliefs has been limited to preaching, therefore it can be assumed that verse 25:52, which tells believers to struggle (wage jihad) against the unbelievers, does not mean to fight them physically, but through recitation of the Qur'an. However, it also contains the first reference to killing. Verse 25:68 says, "do not slay the soul, which Allah has forbidden except in the requirements of justice". This verse may seem out of place because it is. It is actually a Medinan verse that was retroactively inserted into this surah.

**Surah 19 tells the story of Mary giving birth to Jesus, and stresses that he is only a prophet. To say that he is the son of God is "hideous, evil, monstrous, abominable, or atrocious" depending on the translation.

That's a far as I've read for now. Next up is surah 17. I hope to finish this before the summer is over.

Is there point here, a reason you're doing this?
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Is there point here, a reason you're doing this?

Reading it in chronological order allows you to better understand what was happening in Mohamed's life, which in turn makes it so much easier to understand the origins of Islam and why it eventually took the direction that it did.

If people are interested in the how and why of Islams's beginnings, then I can save them months of tedious reading as I try to put it all in perspective. If you're not interested, no biggie. I'm doing this for myself mainly, but don't mind sharing.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Reading it in chronological order allows you to better understand what was happening in Mohamed's life, which in turn makes it so much easier to understand the origins of Islam and why it eventually took the direction that it did.

If people are interested in the how and why of Islams's beginnings, then I can save them months of tedious reading as I try to put it all in perspective. If you're not interested, no biggie. I'm doing this for myself mainly, but don't mind sharing.

Just that there doesn't seem to be room for discussion. Sounds like you're studying for the Muslim clergy.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

That’s impressive - I’ve heard it is a difficult language.

The only easy thing about it is that it has no silent letters. If a letter appears, it gets pronounced. The hard bit is simply memorizing 28 different 'runes' and the sound they make, and the fact that we don't naturally make many of those sounds. For example, the word Arabic does NOT start with the equivalent of our 'A'. It starts with an 'Ayn' which is a consonant, and sounds like a growled, guttural 'A'. Hard to explain.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Just that there doesn't seem to be room for discussion. Sounds like you're studying for the Muslim clergy.

Fair enough. I'm putting my findings here for anyone who might be interested.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

I’ve read the Qur’an, translated of course. And while that tends to make things more argumentative I came to the quick conclusion that this will be the one branch of the Abrahamic religions that is most painful to force to evolve.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

I’ve read the Qur’an, translated of course. And while that tends to make things more argumentative I came to the quick conclusion that this will be the one branch of the Abrahamic religions that is most painful to force to evolve.

Not painful so much as impossible. The Qur'an exists for the sole purpose of defining Islam, so it's done. It is as done today as it was 1400 years ago. Verse 2:98, which says, "God is the enemy of unbelievers" can never be changed or expunged.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Next in line is Surah 17, which deserves separate mention, especially because of its opening verse, which is responsible for the Jerusalem problem that plagues the world to this day. It states that God took Mohamed on a spiritual nighttime journey (on a winged horse, no less) from "the great mosque to the farthest mosque" ( in Arabic, al masjid al aqsa ). Although the Qur'an does not identify the location of "the farthest mosque", hadiths (that were not compiled until over 200 years after Mohamed's death) name it as Jerusalem. This is why Muslims say it is the third holiest site in Islam after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. The mosque bearing the name Al Masjid Al Aqsa that currently stands on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem did not exist at the time of the "midnight ride", but was built several decades after Mohamed's death.

Mohamed's frustration at being mocked and ignored by the pagans for over 10 years shows in the later verses of this surah. They are repeatedly chastised as being ungrateful, arrogant, and most deservedly bound for Hell as unbelievers. An apparent source of irritation for Mohamed was the pagans contention that God would have sent an angel to them as a messenger rather than a mere mortal (17:94 - And naught prevented men from believing when the guidance came to them, but that they said, 'Has God sent forth a mortal as Messenger?')

As a side note, it is believed that this surah was created only a year before the Hijra, which means the remaining 36 Meccan surahs must have been created in a hurry. I'm about to find out.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

The next four surahs are 10, 11, 12, and 15. They total 442 verses of sleep inducing same-old, same-old. Mohamed goes right back to re-re-re-retelling the stories of the OT and trying to convince the pagans that they will roast in Hell for denying God's "clear signs". It's one thing to tell people they're wrong for their beliefs, but quite another to tell them they're evil and wicked, so it's no wonder the Meccans ignored and mocked him. He gave them nothing they hadn't heard before, and absolutely no reason whatsoever to believe that he was God's messenger. He was that weird guy on the corner who preached at you as you hurried past him and tried to pretend he wasn't talking to you.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Mohamed seemed to have a plan. If the Meccans don't believe what you've told them 54 times, then surely if you up that to 56, they will finally see the light. Surahs 6 and 37 add 347 more verses of believe-in-allah-or-burn-in-hell.

I fail to see why they wouldn't do anything other than mock and ignore him.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

We can add 31, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, and 44 to the list of same-old, same-old. I fear I'm in for 22 more surahs of this before getting to Medina and the "good stuff". God, I need a beer.

I've been amused by the descriptions of Heaven. "God" started off by merely describing it as a garden of bliss, but as time passed and very few Meccans converted to Islam, "He" seemed to suddenly realize that "He" forgot to mention the waiting virgins. Since then, "He" has made sure to include "fair women with large, beautiful eyes (44:54)" in the brochure.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Next is surah 45, which contain one verse worth singling out. 45:14 says, "Tell the believers to forgive those who do not have faith in the days of God (Day of Judgment) and Resurrection. God will give due recompense to all the people for their deeds". This tells Muslims to leave punishment of unbelievers to God, which could logically be interpreted to mean that Muslims are not expected to fight unbelievers. This supports the Muslims-only-fight-in-self-defense line. However, at this point, Mohamed had attracted very few followers, and had no way of punishing unbelievers even if he wanted to. Years later in Medina when he did have an army, Surah 9 rendered any thoughts of forgiveness a distant memory.

But, other than that, this entire Surah only adds to the 1001 ways to say, "Believe in God or burn in Hell".
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Next is Surah 18. It tells two stories that are not in the Old Testament. The first is the story of the "seven sleepers" (which also appears in Christian lore, but not in the bible). Although interesting, it contains no elements or commands that affect the practice of Islam. The second story is a different matter. It tells of a man (Khadir) who has been given special knowledge from God, and takes Moses on a journey. Khadir kills a youth for no apparent reason, then explains to Moses that the youth would eventually become a rebellious unbeliever who was killed so that God could replace him with a better son. Moses seems to accept this answer as he asks no further questions. Although these verses do not specifically call for honor killing, they could certainly be interpreted to condone it.

Also noteworthy in Surah 18 are verses 18:23-24, because they introduce the first new command since the five pillars. They require the faithful to invoke God's name (insha'allah) when speaking of the future.

Surah 16 mostly goes back to the usual warnings and OT references, but it also contains the first verse (16:118) critical of Jews, "And for those who were Jews We prohibited what We have related to you already, and We did them no injustice, but they were unjust to themselves."

The parade of OT-based warnings continues with Surahs 71, 14, and 21.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

I could easily add Surah 23 to the list of those that use OT stories to frighten the pagans of Mecca into adopting Islam under the tutelage of Mohamed (because this, the 74th such surah is bound to convince them where the previous 73 failed). Certainly 116 of it's 118 stupor-inducing verses qualify to be dumped into that ever increasing bucket. However, 23:5-6 say, "...And those who guard their chastity, except with their spouses and slave-girls. The practice of carnal relations is lawful with them." Wait. What?

I knew this was coming, but I didn't expect to see it until after the move to Medina. Perhaps this is another Medinan verse that was quietly slipped into a Meccan surah, because to this point, there was no talk of having slave-girls or captives to rape. I did some research hoping to find a scholar who could explain how those 2 verses got into this surah, but I had no luck.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Surahs 52, 67, 69, 70, 78, 79, 82, 84, and 30 return to the pattern. The only noteworthy verses are 70:29-30, which reiterate that Muslim men can have sex with their slave-girls.

Surah 29 is the same as the rest until verse 46, which says, "And dispute ye not with the People of the Book (Jews and Christians), except with means better (than mere disputation), unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong: but say (to them), 'We believe in the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down to you; Our Allah and your Allah is one; and it is to Him we submit.'" That may sound like an olive branch and a direct contradiction of the countless verses that tell non-Muslims that they are deservedly going to Hell, but if you look a little closer, it contains an all-important caveat. "Unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong" is the deal-breaker. We have been repeatedly told that God did not have offspring, and that telling a lie concerning God is the greatest sin. In other words, do not dispute with Christians, unless of course they persist in actually practicing their religion. Verse 29:68 clears up any doubt with, "And who does more wrong than he who invents a lie against Allah or rejects the Truth when it reaches him? Is there not a home in Hell for those who reject Faith?"

The previous 85 surahs failed to impress the vast majority of the pagan Meccans, but that didn't stop Mohamed from trying one more time with Surah 83. It failed again, so now he's off to Medina.

The Islamic story goes that Mohamed caught wind of a plot to kill him, so he left in the dark of night to save himself. I think it's more likely he finally realized he was never going to convince the Meccans to follow him, so he moved to more fertile ground. Anyone who repeats himself for 12 years with little to show for his efforts is a slow learner, but it looks like he finally got the message (even if the Meccans kept rejecting his).
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

I didn't feel like I was reading 86 different surahs. It was more like reading the same surah 86 times. If I were to sum up the Meccan surahs by quoting just one verse, it would be 29:68 from the post above.

"And who does more wrong than he who invents a lie against Allah or rejects the Truth when it reaches him? Is there not a home in Hell for those who reject Faith?"
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Surah 2, the longest at 286 verses, is the first from Medina, although the first 39 verses vary little from the previous 86 surahs. However, verse 40, which starts with, "O children of Israel", tells us his audience is now Jews. In 40 through 86 the Jews are reminded of their history, their covenant with God, the favors He granted them, the times he interceded on their behalf, and their many transgressions, such as worshipping the golden calf (51) and perverting the scriptures (79). Verse 86 summarizes God's displeasure with the Jews thus, "These are the people who buy the life of this world at the price of the Hereafter: their penalty shall not be lightened nor shall they be helped."

In the midst of verses in which the Jews are being chastised appears 62, which seems not only out of context, but contradictory to everything we have read so far about unbelievers. It says, "Those who believe (in the Qur'an), and those who follow the Jewish (scriptures), and the Christians and the Sabians,- any who believe in Allah and the Last Day, and work righteousness, shall have their reward with their Lord; on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve." If this includes Christians who believe Jesus is the son of God, then it is a direct contradiction of all the previous passages that say "telling a lie concerning God" is a ticket to Hell. A search for an explanation led me to a website A review of verses 2:62 and 3:85 – A Study Of Qur'an that attempts to make the point that it does indeed not include Christians who believe Jesus to be the son of God. Apparently the authors of this website do not know what 'Christian' means. I was not impressed by that explanation and therefore I continue to consider this verse to be a blatant contradiction.

The remainder of surah 2 to come.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

To this point, there is almost nothing to distinguish Islam from Judaism. Mohamed's (pardon me, I mean God's) problem is not with the OT, but with those who don't believe in it (the pagans of Mecca), and those who profess to believe in it, but failed to adhere to it (the Jews of old). As to new tenets and commands, the Qur'an adds only the 5 pillars and the requirement to say, "insha'allah" when invoking the future.

The remainder of surah 2 changes all that. You won't belieeeeeve what I found!

Sorry, I couldn't help but insert a little click bait there.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Verse 89 jumps to Mohamed's time. The Jews are now being damned for failing to accept Mohamed as the next (and last) of God's apostles in what can only be described as a rant. Verse 90 shows that the Jews of Medina have incurred God's wrath as much as their forefathers had; "Evil is that for which they have sold their souls: They have refused to accept God's revelations in rebellion against the servant of God whom He has chosen to grant His message (Mohamed). They have brought upon themselves God's wrath in addition to the wrath that they had incurred upon themselves for their previous sins. The disbelievers will suffer a humiliating torment." Further accusations of infidelity and/or perversion continue until verse 141. For example:

2:91 - The Jews are asked (not for the first time) why they have killed the prophets of the past. Never are these prophets named, nor is there any indication in Jewish history that such a thing happened.
2:92-93 - The golden calf is mentioned again.
2:94-96 - Jews should long for death if they are indeed the 'Chosen Ones', but they do not because they are the most greedy for life on earth.
2:98 - This verse should be read attentively to let its message sink in - "Whosoever is an enemy to God and His angels and His Messengers, and Gabriel, and Michael - surely God is an enemy to the unbelievers." This is saying in no uncertain terms that simply being an unbeliever is all that it takes to be considered an "enemy to God", and therefore to Islam and Muslims; a feeling that is reciprocated by God. In my opinion, this is one of the most defining verses of the Qur'an as it proclaims Muslims and unbelievers as enemies to each other.
2:99 - Unbelievers are perverse.
2:100-103 - Jews can not be trusted to keep their promises to God.
2:104 - Unbelievers will be punished.
2:105 - Unbelievers do not wish for God to send good things to Muslims.
Verse 2:106 appears to be another non sequitur. It states that God will not abrogate any revelation without substituting a better one. No further explanation or example is given.
2:109 - Many Christians and Jews (people of the book) wish they could cause Muslims to backslide away from Islam, but be patient with them until God gives His command. Note that patience is only required temporarily.
2:111 - Christians and Jews, where is proof of your religion.
2:116 - God does not have a son.
2:120 - Christians and Jews will never be satisfied until you (Muslims) follow their religion.
2:121 - Believe the Qur'an or go to Hell.
2:122-134 - God reminds the Jews again of their past and of the building of the kaaba by Abraham and Ishmael and of their devotion to God.
2:135-141 - God reaffirms the superiority of Islam over the perverted interpretation of scripture held by Christians and Jews.

That is one very busy surah, and I'm not even half way through it.
 
Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

From verse 142 to the end of the surah, God is now talking to Muslims. His first command to them is to face the Kabaa in Mecca while praying (142-150). Islam is starting to take on a distinct character. Verses 151 through 167 are mostly unremarkable reminders to follow Islam or burn in Hell. All but verse 154, another non-sequitur parachuted into a series of verses about something else.

It introduces the first element crucial to the development of Islam as a warrior religion, "And say not of those who are slain in the way of God that they are dead. No, they are living although you perceive it not." Nothing to this point has confirmed that hostilities are expected to be part of the new religion, but here we have God assuring Muslims that they will not perish if they die for Islam.

It could be argued that this was hinted at in 109 where Muslims are told to be patient with Christians and Jews "until God gives his command." On the other hand, it could also be said, since God has not yet ordained fighting, that He is talking about Muslims who may be killed while preaching or proselytizing. We will soon see which is the case.
 
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Re: The Qur'an in chronological order.

Verse 171 takes the denigration of unbelievers to a new level with, "Preaching to unbelievers is like talking to someone who cannot hear anything except yells and shouts. They are deaf, dumb, and blind; they have no understanding." The Qur'an has already called non-Muslims such names as 'evil-doers' and 'unjust' hundreds of times in the Meccan surahs, and this demonstrates that no let-up is in sight.

Next, Mohamed, having finally gained a sizable Muslim following, began rule-making in earnest:
2:172-173 - Rules for diet are set.
2:174-176 return, apropos of nothing, to infidel bashing.
2:177 - The five pillars are reiterated.
2:178-179 - Rules of retribution (qisas) are set.
2:180-182 - Bequests are to be honored.
2:183-187 - Rules for fasting are set.

The next set of verses deserve their own post.
 
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