But does "gender" have any meaning outside of a cultural context? Is "expressing gender" anything other than how one conforms to societal definitions and norms? I don't see it.
But what is masculinity or femininity except how they are measured/determined by the cultural context?
Well, I agree that there is a spectrum of personality that falls between the (arbitrary societal definitions of) male and female. And I don't see any point in inventing numerous categories either.
I'm no expert pinqy so I am only answering this as a personal opinion, I'm guessing CC will have all the right terminology and analysis. I will try to be clearer but, I'm struggling
maybe try it this way.
We have an innate gender that is a description of how we identify ourselves and it is probably linked to a combination of our physical and mental sex and our personality. I will not go into how that comes about, not my field but, I guess it may be one of those nature/nurture things. That is what I describe as our 'gender being'.
How we express that 'gender being' is I suspect a fairly straightforward need for affirmation so, if you wear pink dresses and nice make up then the feedback you will get within our culture is that you might be pretty, feminine, attractive, cute, submissive etc. So if people treat you the way that you believe that your 'gender being' actually is then that is positive feedback for you. The feedback can also come from your self perception for example, putting on eye liner and mascara can feel amazing when you look in the mirror and feel affirmed by the appearance and, I know that this sounds superficial but, these are visual cues that our mind tells us are aligned with our 'gender being' and it affirms us.
I think that that expression of gender is conditioned by culture but, the 'gender being' is not. I suspect that if wearing string vests and leather shorts was culturally a uniquely female thing to do then you might see a lot of trans people wearing them, it wouldn't change what is their 'gender being' it would just change how it was expressed. By the way, I don't believe that wearing on those items of clothing will have the reverse effect if you have a 'gender being' that simply does not correlate to what they signal. On the other hand they are items of clothing that have become culturally linked to being gay so you often see that uniform at pride marches, sometimes ironically.
So yes, I believe that how gender is expressed is largely a cultural thing but, outside of culture I think that there is a tangible thing called gender and I describe it, perhaps clumsily as 'gender being'.
Again, on all this, I am only talking as a personal opinion.