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Where did the Universe come from?

Where did the Universe come from?


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Also, being able to see stars billions of light years away also poses a problem for the big bang. Light-travel time: a problem for the big bang
It's worth reading the contents of the blue box in that article, Digsbe. To paraphrase/re-spin it here:
"Scientists have been coming up with solutions to this problem since at least 1981 - but some of their possible solutions have since been proven incorrect, and no-one can agree on which of the remaining solutions is the correct one".

If the problem has lots of possible solutions and our biggest worry is working out which one actually happened, I wouldn't say that the problem itself is that much of a threat.

***************

I'll give you a quick tour through our sense of scale of the universe, as measured by the speed of light. Light travels ~300,000,000 meters every second, which is phenomenally fast - but only on our human scale. It takes over 8 minutes from light to get to the Earth from the Sun - that is, if the sun went out right now, we wouldn't notice for another 499 seconds. The speed of light is one of the reasons that we find exploring other planets a hardship - if we sent a remote-controlled buggy to Mars, for example, then it would take anywhere between 3 and 22 minutes (depending on where the planets are in their orbits) for it to send us a radio transmission; if you take into account that we'd then have to send instructions back the same distance then simple calculations say that it can be up to 44 minutes from the buggy telling Earth "there's a crater up ahead" to the buggy receiving instructions from Earth saying "stop!".

That's just Mars. It takes light (on average) over 4 hours to get to Neptune, and over 6.5 hours to get to Pluto at it's furthest. The Voyager 1 probe - the furthest thing we've sent out of the solar system - sees sunlight 14.6 hours after it was first emitted by the sun - if you were on Voyager looking back at Earth right now, you'd see us as we were over half a day ago, looking back through time.

Expand outwards from the solar system, and the distances get a little larger. The closest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri, which is a mere 4.2 light-years away. Just to hammer that home - any aliens currently looking at us from near Proxima Centauri would see Earth in early 2006. They'd never have heard of Barack Obama.

Let's scale out again. We live, as I'm sure you're aware, in a galaxy called the Milky Way. The size of the milky way might be bigger than you were expecting, though; it's certainly a little bigger than what we've been talking about so far - to be honest, it was bigger than I thought it was before I just looked it up. The Milky Way is discus-shaped. At it's thickest, it's 1000 light-years from top to bottom. The big distance, though, is it's diameter; it's ~100,000 light-years wide. As a point of reference, YECers generally claim that the universe was created spontaneously about 6000 years ago - according to YEC, we should be able to see only ~10% of our own galaxy, and those furthest stars would be brand-new, completely newly created. Instead, we can see stars that are 10 times further away than that within our own galaxy - and that's even ignoring other galaxies. If you look deeper and deeper into the sky, the furthest object we have seen is calculated to be ~13 billion lightyears away.

The universe is big. While there is the occasional contention about the extremely far objects we can image, we can see objects over 2 million light-years away with the naked eye - and most of our galaxy is further from us than the 6000 light-years which YEC claims should be the limit of our vision.
 
It's worth reading the contents of the blue box in that article, Digsbe. To paraphrase/re-spin it here:
"Scientists have been coming up with solutions to this problem since at least 1981 - but some of their possible solutions have since been proven incorrect, and no-one can agree on which of the remaining solutions is the correct one".

If the problem has lots of possible solutions and our biggest worry is working out which one actually happened, I wouldn't say that the problem itself is that much of a threat.

***************

I'll give you a quick tour through our sense of scale of the universe, as measured by the speed of light. Light travels ~300,000,000 meters every second, which is phenomenally fast - but only on our human scale. It takes over 8 minutes from light to get to the Earth from the Sun - that is, if the sun went out right now, we wouldn't notice for another 499 seconds. The speed of light is one of the reasons that we find exploring other planets a hardship - if we sent a remote-controlled buggy to Mars, for example, then it would take anywhere between 3 and 22 minutes (depending on where the planets are in their orbits) for it to send us a radio transmission; if you take into account that we'd then have to send instructions back the same distance then simple calculations say that it can be up to 44 minutes from the buggy telling Earth "there's a crater up ahead" to the buggy receiving instructions from Earth saying "stop!".

That's just Mars. It takes light (on average) over 4 hours to get to Neptune, and over 6.5 hours to get to Pluto at it's furthest. The Voyager 1 probe - the furthest thing we've sent out of the solar system - sees sunlight 14.6 hours after it was first emitted by the sun - if you were on Voyager looking back at Earth right now, you'd see us as we were over half a day ago, looking back through time.

Expand outwards from the solar system, and the distances get a little larger. The closest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri, which is a mere 4.2 light-years away. Just to hammer that home - any aliens currently looking at us from near Proxima Centauri would see Earth in early 2006. They'd never have heard of Barack Obama.

Let's scale out again. We live, as I'm sure you're aware, in a galaxy called the Milky Way. The size of the milky way might be bigger than you were expecting, though; it's certainly a little bigger than what we've been talking about so far - to be honest, it was bigger than I thought it was before I just looked it up. The Milky Way is discus-shaped. At it's thickest, it's 1000 light-years from top to bottom. The big distance, though, is it's diameter; it's ~100,000 light-years wide. As a point of reference, YECers generally claim that the universe was created spontaneously about 6000 years ago - according to YEC, we should be able to see only ~10% of our own galaxy, and those furthest stars would be brand-new, completely newly created. Instead, we can see stars that are 10 times further away than that within our own galaxy - and that's even ignoring other galaxies. If you look deeper and deeper into the sky, the furthest object we have seen is calculated to be ~13 billion lightyears away.

The universe is big. While there is the occasional contention about the extremely far objects we can image, we can see objects over 2 million light-years away with the naked eye - and most of our galaxy is further from us than the 6000 light-years which YEC claims should be the limit of our vision.
Typical creationist responses:
1) Science is wrong: physicsts are wrong. Geologists are wrong, biologists are wrong, astronomers and astro physcists are wrong. Scientists are biased. Scientists are part of a conspiracy. Only a preferred biblical interpretation is correct.

2) God is "tricking/testing" us: god created the light in transit. God put dinsosaur bones and other fossils in the earth. God has placed all this corroborating evidence to "test" our faith. God made all DNA appear as though its related. God put fossils in distinct layers that trick geolgists. Radio carbon dating and other forms of dating only report what God wants people to believe.

3) Some combination of #1 and #2
 
When talking about the speed of light, it's fairly easy to prove that it's remained constant for at least a few ten thousand years - and for far, far longer if you can get someone to understand the fine-structure constant.

One of these days I'll post my mini-essay on Omphalos and it's consequences, which is my common response to #2. In short, though - the only way for #2 to be the case and for god to not be a deciever is for the unverse to have been created old.
 
the universe came from the big bang, and as i got told by an astrophysicist, what was before is irrelevant as there was nothing, no space or time

We are told by the same astrophysicists that the universe is still moving away from us in all directions, meaning, I suppose that we were the epicenter of the big bang.

But an explosion throws things away from it in straight lines in all directions (especially in a vacuum) and our solar system is not straight lines, so how does that explain orbits around the sun?

ricksfolly
 
We are told by the same astrophysicists that the universe is still moving away from us in all directions, meaning, I suppose that we were the epicenter of the big bang.
No. The space between things is expanding. This expansion is only noticeable over huge distances. It doesn't play a significant role within the Milky Way or it's interactions with nearby galaxies.

Imagine a balloon with dots representing galaxy clusters. As you blow up the balloon every dot gets further away from every other dot.
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But an explosion throws things away from it in straight lines in all directions (especially in a vacuum) and our solar system is not straight lines, so how does that explain orbits around the sun?
The planets orbit because of the sun's gravity.
Edit: Better answer. [ame]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System[/ame]
 
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We are told by the same astrophysicists that the universe is still moving away from us
I don't understand what it would mean to say the universe is moving away from us since we are a part of the universe.

We are told that most galaxies in all directions are moving away from us.

I suppose that we were the epicenter of the big bang.
I don't believe this is correct. Why do you assume we are at the epicenter as oppossed to one of those pieces moving away from the center?

But an explosion throws things away from it in straight lines in all directions (especially in a vacuum) and our solar system is not straight lines, so how does that explain orbits around the sun?
anarcho fascist explained. Gravity. Its effects diminish significantly as the distance between two objects increase. Gravity is one of the weaker forces in the universe.
Our galaxy's gravity is enough to keep the milky way "together" but our galaxy is too far away to have any significant effect on other galaxies. Likewise our sun has gravitational effects on things locally, within our solar system, but those effects diminish significantly the further away the object is from sources of significant gravity such as the sun.
 
No problem. I've been particularly busy lately so I haven't had the time to respond.



The flaws of arguments from design are well known:

Argument from design - Iron Chariots Wiki
The idea that aspects of nature are too complex to have happened by chance (or more aptly natural processes if we wish to avoid straw men) is a fallacy of argument from ignorance, or even wilful ignorance in the case where the theist also has to reject what we already know about the facts of Darwinian evolution. It is essentially paramount to the statement “I can't think how it could have happened, therefore God done it!

This has led to the formulation of such theories as Michael Behe's theory of irreducible complexity, which was laughed out of court during the Kitzmiller v. Dover court case, who when presented with counterpoints, "Professor Behe’s only response to these seemingly insurmountable points of disanalogy was that the inference still works in science fiction movies. (23:73 (Behe))”.


You may also want to look into the Argument from Poor Design:
Argument from poor design - Iron Chariots Wiki


Even if we are the ONLY life forms in the entire universe, I don't see how that supports the argument for a intelligent creator being, let alone the god of the bible. perhaps you can connect the dots where no theists has done so before?

We don't know how everything came into existence or whether its always been there. Not knowing does not mean you get to make up any answer to fill in the gaps of knowledge, I.E., God of the gaps argument: God of the gaps - Iron Chariots Wiki

Theories, including God theories, must stand on their own merit. No theory is de facto truth because other theories are eliminated or seen as unlikely.

We don't know how the big bang was caused or what caused it or even if discussing causality "before" the Big bang is sensible. We simply don't know at this time. Theoretical Physicists have some great theories that work out mathematically but they are working on supporting them with evidence and experiments to CONFIRM and VERIFY them.

Do you have anything to provide to CONFIRM and VERIFY your God claims?

I'm not very familiar with why scientists believe the earth and universe is as old as it is. its not really a major concern of mine except for the instances it comes up debating religion creation stories. In such cases I often refer to a site that heavily references scientific papers and is often focused on countering Creationist claims. This site is very well known and has been for quite sometime. Its talkorigins.org.
I'm neither an astrophysicist, a physicist, biologists, geologist, astronomer, or the like so I'll have to defer criticism of the details to those with much grater understanding of the subjects.
CH200: Age of the Universe
CH210: Age of the Earth

I'd like you to note that these pages cite their sources.
"NO, I do not consider ANY source to be unbiased because humans tend to be biased – including bible writers, scientists, senators, presidents, etc.

HOWEVER, when information comes from a wide variety of sources representing different viewpoints, the effect of bias is at least somewhat neutralized. For instance, if a physicist or small group of researchers claim to have achieved “cold fusion”, I would reserve judgment (not accept what they say as truthful and accurate without verification) because they could well be biased (or downright dishonest).

However, if a large number of researchers from different organizations – perhaps worldwide (including some who are competitors or doubters) duplicate the experiment and report similar results, I regard that as much more credible and probably worthy of acceptance. "


Once again, I'm not qualified to dispute these issues and I would guess that neither are you.

I can however ask if you believe humans lived alongside dinosaurs. Do you believe what this Ph.D and other creationists do Digsbe? Do you believe man lived with dinosaurs?

Do any of these theories have evidence and support? Have they been peer reviewed and accepted by scientists in their respective fields? have their claims been reproduced and tested by other independently?

The truth has nothing to hide from investigation.

Science is theories that best explain the evidence. When new evidence contradicts or discredits previous theories then those theories must be revised or discarded.


What evidence do we have that is scientific and logical to conclude that there is a higher power ?

"I do NOT accept bible stories as evidence that bible stories are true. I have considered the topic at some length, asked for evidence... invited “gods” to contact me directly – and NOTHING – no evidence, no word from “gods”, no reason to accept the tales as true.

I ask that bible believers show something IN ADDITION to the stories to show that the stories are true.

For instance, a major Christian claim (and foundation of the religion) is that Jesus came back from the dead. I AGREE that there are stories in the bible (religious promotional material) that make that claim. I ASK what evidence (besides the story itself) can be presented to show that the story of “resurrection” is true.

“faith and assumption” is what religion offers as reason to believe its tales and claims. Some may be swayed by the emotionalism and by threats and promises; however, others are not.

If a single source, the bible, reports a “resurrection” and NO other sources can be cited to verify the claim, I reserve judgment and ask for further evidence. When claims have been challenged for a thousand years with no evidence provided, I am inclined to think the source is biased (only reported by religious believers / followers / proponents) and possibly dishonest)."



Science has never supported such a claim. To my knowledge there is no theory that states "everything can be and will be explained by science". Do you know of such a theory?

Once again, you are wrong. Science has not claimed that supernaturalism cannot exist. There simply hasn't been any evidence or support for claims of the supernatural. If you have evidence or ANY means to verify and support supernaturalism then please contact the James Randi foundation and collect your $1,000,000 prize.
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The evidence points to the fact that life evolves through natural processes and that that natural processes continuously work throughout the universe without any divine intervention.

Where "everything" came from "in the beginning" (if there is a beginning) has not yet been resolved by scientists and may never be. Only the religious claim to know such things.

This is backwards. You believe science is wrong because you think science presumes naturalism in order to support evolution and the big bang. In fact its the other way around. The evolution and the big bang are supported by evidence and have natural causes. Thus these theories that are independently confirmed and verified, collectively point toward naturalism. But that doesn't mean science must be naturalistic. it merely means that so far all the theories appear to support naturalism.

Scientists usually state things as fact when their is so much evidence for them it seems highly unlikely that they would be wrong. But scientists have been wrong in the past and probably will be in the future. SCIENCE IS ALWAYS TENTATIVE. A theory is only as strong as the evidence. When new evidence is presented that contradicts or discredits previous theories then they must be discarded or revised.


Of course not. But evidence doesn't lie, or make mistakes, or become delusional. People do.
NO, I do not consider ANY source to be unbiased because humans tend to be biased – including bible writers, scientists, senators, presidents, etc, etc.

HOWEVER, when information comes from a wide variety of sources representing different viewpoints, the effect of bias is at least somewhat neutralized. For instance, if a physicist or small group of researchers claim to have achieved “cold fusion”, I would reserve judgment (not accept what they say as truthful and accurate without verification) because they could well be biased (or downright dishonest).

It is beyond the power of science or philosophy, at this time, to prove with absolute certainty ANYTHING. Science can only SUPPORT theories, it does not PROVE any of them. It is very important to remember this.

If religionists could present evidence or some means of verifying or confirming their claims of a higher power then I would believe it.

However, we have been waiting since the dawn of man for religions to present evidence for their claims. All we get are excuses, hearsay, and unverifiable, unfalsifiable claims. Why do you suppose that is?
You just saved me quite a bit of time.
 
Physics is still applicable at the moment of the singularity and it must have the energy that is expressed in the bang. Where does it come from?
It isn't (at least not as we understand physics) and most physicists will tell you so. Once you're smaller than Plank size nothing holds.

No, God did not have to come from somewhere as God is everlasting.
Many string theorists believe the Universe is cyclic, that it expands, then shrinks down to Plank size, then "expands" again - the "other" way. Don't ask me to explain it farther than that because I don't have a PhD in either math or physics and that's what it takes to really understand it. If those theories are true then the Universe would also be "everlasting".


No, God did not have to come from somewhere as God is everlasting.
Carp! I didn't catch it or I wouldn't have responded. Oh well.
(I know you weren't saying this to me.)
 
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None of the above.
 
No one knows for certain.

All people can do is theorize or believe.
 
i believe that god created the universe with big bang,we have been searching its details since we gained consciousness
 
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As far as I know not even the Bible speculates on any real details of how the universe was created, but I suppose one could imply that God created it. But the Bible isn't intended to explain it either.

As scientists look at the "expanding" universe, a natural question is, "Will the universe continue to expand or is there enough matter and dark matter to cause the universe to reach a limit and with an elastic reversal - the expansion will stop and the universe will return to the origin of the BIG BANG?"

In the last book of the Bible, a scripture poses an interesting comparison of everything rolling back up 'as a scroll.'

Revelation 6:14
New American Standard Bible (NASB)
14 The sky was split apart like a scroll when it is rolled up, and every mountain and island were moved out of their places.

Like the vagueness of a fortune teller, the Bible provides many descriptions useful for confirmation of one's beliefs. Missing from this word picture is the reality that an elastic 'roll-up' would take as much time as the universe has already existed: 13.75 ± 0.11 billion years

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_universe
 
It isn't (at least not as we understand physics) and most physicists will tell you so. Once you're smaller than Plank size nothing holds.

Many string theorists believe the Universe is cyclic, that it expands, then shrinks down to Plank size, then "expands" again - the "other" way. Don't ask me to explain it farther than that because I don't have a PhD in either math or physics and that's what it takes to really understand it. If those theories are true then the Universe would also be "everlasting".

I agree that the universe wasn't so much created or came from something at it transformed from a singularity into the expansive space that now exists.
 
The great thing about science is that it doesn't matter what we believe.

There are a few flaws in the theory of the big bang, but they're being smoothed out. The biggest issue is that of the singularity. There's really not enough data to speculate on what, if anything, existed before it, since the consistent laws of physics that we enjoy now did not exist prior to the big bang. But it's still, by far, the best explanation for the origin of the universe. They keep making predictions based on the theory, and they keep coming up true, the hallmark of accurate science.

As for god... Sorry kids. The whole system works without a magic man directing it, so why add unnecessary details?
 
Quote Originally Posted by Genesis 1
1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.

In Genesis the God created the Earth....put creation of the universe I would say is not directly discussed.

In John I believe the Word is Jesus.

If you want to roll your sleeves up and take a closer look at the Bible, CAUTION, your beliefs may change. I used to be a Christian and my small brain is full of it.

When you dive into the Hebrew, some scholars believe thousands of years separate Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. I have heard hours and hours of Bible teaching about the 'possible' origin of the disembodied spirits that Jesus 'cast out' of people in the gospels. A major CLUE to many - lies in the Hebrew words found in Genesis 1:2 that translate "without form, and void." Those words, in the Hebrew, indicate "judgement." In other words, what YOU think of as the beginning of the universe is an assumption on your part. The Hebrew words of which I speak are:

tohuw (to'-hoo); from an unused root meaning to lie waste; a desolation (of surface), i.e. desert; figuratively, a worthless thing; adverbially, in vain: KJV-- confusion, empty place, without form, nothing, (thing of) naught, vain, vanity, waste, wilderness.

bohuw (bo'-hoo); from an unused root (meaning to be empty); a vacuity, i.e. (superficially) an undistinguishable ruin: KJV-- emptiness, void.

earth_ages

These two Hebrew words do not appear in the Bible together again except in one of the minor prophets. Translated into English, the communication fails and all of us form "belief-systems" based on inaccurate ideas.

While we're talking about Genesis and incorrect beliefs, does anyone notice that the author of Genesis, Moses, includes two separate creation accounts? Christian doctrine isn't big on pointing out things like this.

"In the beginning, about 3,000 years ago*, Jewish desert dwellers in what is present-day southern Israel told a story around campfires about the creation of the first man and first woman. The story they told, and passed on to generations of future desert dwellers, described a pre-creation scene much like the desert landscape in which they daily struggled for existence. From the dry desert dust the Creator forms a man and breaths life into him, and then places him in a beautiful oasis-like garden, abundant with fruits."


"Four or five centuries later, five-hundred-plus miles to the east in what is most likely present-day Iraq, a remarkable Jewish writer... acquired at least two pre-existing writings on Jewish history. The prior writings came from different places and different times. One set of writings used the Canaanite term, “Elohim,” as the name of the creator god. A second set of writings, more ancient than the first, used a Judean term, “YHWH” (translated “Jehovah” in English), to describe its deity.

The priest wove the two texts together, trying to avoid repetition and altering them where necessary to avoid blatant inconsistencies."


The History of Genesis and the Creation Stories

Another "fact" that Christian doctrine stays away from is revealed in:

Genesis 1:26
New American Standard Bible (NASB)

26 Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the [a]sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

Christian preachers stay away from:

Genesis 6
New American Standard Bible (NASB)

1 Now it came about, when men began to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters were born to them, 2 that the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were [a]beautiful; and they took wives for themselves, whomever they chose. 3 Then the LORD said, “My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, [c]because he also is flesh; [d]nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years.” 4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown.

And of course, what Christian will present a word-by-word closer look at Ezekiel chapter one? Do a search some time of every scripture that contains the word,"angel."

When a very tall man in "shinning" clothing appears before you and says, "Fear not," don't soil your underwear, just know that a visitor from somewhere else has a message for you.

My point is, roll up your sleeves and look at the Bible more closely before you hang your "belief-system-hat" on Genesis as an authority of how the "UNIVERSE" began.
 
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The great thing about science is that it doesn't matter what we believe.

There are a few flaws in the theory of the big bang, but they're being smoothed out. The biggest issue is that of the singularity. There's really not enough data to speculate on what, if anything, existed before it, since the consistent laws of physics that we enjoy now did not exist prior to the big bang. But it's still, by far, the best explanation for the origin of the universe. They keep making predictions based on the theory, and they keep coming up true, the hallmark of accurate science.

As for god... Sorry kids. The whole system works without a magic man directing it, so why add unnecessary details?

god is not a magic man ,but he is a superior force and he wont act like a magician who makes whatever you want , but whole the universe is his all magic.
 
I find it possible, perhaps even probable, that there was a "big bang" that started it all off, based on what physics/astronomers are able to gather. What could have led to such a singularity, or existed just prior to it, is something so unexplainable that we might as well call it "God" or some higher power.
 
Behold, one day the Lord was taking a bath. The Lord saith "let there be gas", whereupon he cut a huge fart. Deep beneath the long longer still waters of the Holy bath tub, one of the bubbles began expanding, and thus the Universe was born......

Makes as much sense as any other religious explanation. :mrgreen:
 
The universe was, is, and always will be.
Impossible to "create" it....
"God" is one of man's inventions...
I think there is a true "god" is some form who designed this section of the universe....
Life, particularly today , is too great to be a ramdom , undesigned thing..
 
The universe was, is, and always will be.
Impossible to "create" it....
"God" is one of man's inventions...I think there is a true "god" is some form who designed this section of the universe....
Life, particularly today , is too great to be a ramdom , undesigned thing..

Or God could be the creative energy that motivates and moves us. It doesn't necessarily have to exist as something separate from creation.
 
Since I took your poll, I felt it incumbent upon myself to explain my answer. I am a deist. Specifically, I am a pagan. So, I do believe in the existence of divinity, although to say "God" leaves kind of a sour taste in my mouth, and hearkens to the patriarchal Judeo/Christian cosmology. Unfortunately you didn't allow for any more generic terminology, so I had to work with what I had. But, yes, i do believe that the creation, and evolution of the universe had a divine spark. And, for the record, no, I don't think that belief has any business being taught in our schools' science classes.
 
I responded "Some other mechanism created the Universe, without God... ". I am atheist, so that explains the second part of the statement. The first part is a bit more difficult.

I admire Carl Sagan and much of his work and here is a quote from him:

Some people think God is an outsized, light-skinned male with a long white beard, sitting on a throne somewhere up there in the sky, busily tallying the fall of every sparrow. Others—for example Baruch Spinoza and Albert Einstein—considered God to be essentially the sum total of the physical laws which describe the universe. I do not know of any compelling evidence for anthropomorphic patriarchs controlling human destiny from some hidden celestial vantage point, but it would be madness to deny the existence of physical laws.

I guess then that I believe in the existence of physical laws, some of which are obvious (gravity) and some of which are not.

I believe in the Drake Equation which helps deduce how many detectable extraterrestrial civilizations are in the Milky Way. Newer theories and equations quest to determine the numbers in the universe.

Some people object to these ideas because they like to think Earth is "special". Others say why have they not visited us, then reject the Fermi paradox which found that technological civilizations tend to self-destruct (proliferation of nuclear weapons anyone?). They may also reject what others claim to be evidence of alien visitations to earth. UFO's, unexplained archaeology, and other phenomena can suggest alien visitation or even settlement (in addition there are some findings outside of Earth that suggest other life ). I am not saying everything you hear is true, but like Sagan, everything should be investigated.

Maybe the universe has always existed, maybe there is a point where time and space collide. Like any belief there is a limitation with strict belief in physical laws; there is no room for the unknown -- maybe like exists in forms that are not carbon based or that have DNA, maybe it is something else.

In short I believe that there may have been a big bang, but more likely that everything has always (which can be limited by the crossover of time and space) been "here". The god that some of use feel comes from the god spot in the brain, which has been found. Chemicals and neurons firing cause the "feelings" of faith. I believe what is more likely is the idea Sagan proposed in his book "Contact", there is a collective conscious, one day we will all know what that means.
 
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