Almost all options listed are Band-Aids to correct conditions caused by another factor, over population. Nature has always had ways to adjust for this, pandemics. We are over due and with such a large population now able to travel all over the world in a day it can spread at a rate never before seen. Once the population is severely reduced the all the other options will stop being needed and "global warming" will cease.
I think we can solve our energy problem without a massive die off, but it will take some changes in reference thinking.
Batteries are simple energy storage devices, but not the only way to store energy.
Nature has evolved a very good method, hydrocarbons, and we already have most of the infrastructure in place to utilize
such storage. Wind and solar power generate massive seasonal surpluses of energy, and as we add capacity, the surpluses
will only grow. Storing the surplus energy as carbon neutral hydrocarbon fuels, would allow us to move spring surplus to summer cooling,
and provide fuel for transport needs, with existing infrastructure.
Most refineries already have large electrical grid connections, and could be retooled to make fuel from atmospheric CO2, hydrogen from water,
and electricity. What we need from our government is the foresight to visualize a path to the future, and encourage solar power.
First up would be to fix and unify home generator grid connection laws.
They could also spend some money and improve marketing for solar panels.
The actual fuel will have to wait until it becomes economically viable, but that should not take long.
Europe could likely do something now, but cutting the fuel taxes on carbon neutral fuels.
The important thing is that all of this is technologically possible now, not the several decades it would take for
us to build out the electric car infrastructure, and for large numbers of people to start driving electric cars.
If we work out all the details, we can then market it to other countries.
