JULY 18, 2012 // BY: JAMES MEADWAY
Fans of slash-and-burn economics are keen to talk about the Baltics. Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania suffered amongst the worst crashes of anywhere in the world over 2008-9, with GDP falling in a single year by 17% for Lithuania, 20% for Estonia and 25% for Latvia. But what gets the axe-wielders excited is their sharp rebound since then, with growth across the three averaging 6.3% for 2011.
Each country implemented, after 2009, very sharp austerity programmes, forcing through cuts in spending of around 8-9% of GDP. In defiance of experience elsewhere, they have all shown signs of recovery since. Therefore austerity works – if it’s aggressive enough.
Sharp-eyed readers may have noticed that if your economy shrinks by 25%, and then grows by 5.5%, you’re still a good few years away, at least, from simply getting back to where you were. But leaving that aside, the austerity-is-good-for-you story doesn’t add up.
Rainer Kattel and Ringa Raudla give three reasons why. First, all three rely on massive transfers of funding from the EU – 20% of the national budget in the case of Estonia. Funding on that scale cannot help but deliver some results.
Second, all three have seen mass emigration over the last four years, particularly amongst the young. All three have the highest emigration rates in the EU, with 24 people out of every 1,000 leaving Lithuania in the last year. This, in turn, has restrained domestic unemployment; and while people should be free to go and find work where they can, their exit hardly counts as a ringing endorsement for the government. Rather than protest, as Kattel and Raudla suggest, many are choosing to leave.
Third, all three are very closely tied to comparatively prosperous neighbours. Scandinavia in general suffered only a shallow recession over 2008-9, while Poland did not experience one at all. During the boom, Baltic states developed “enclave industries” – a few major companies tied very closely to larger capitalist states nearby, like Sweden and Finland. These have driven export growth after the crash, with exports now returning to precrisis levels. Again, however, this has little to do with austerity, and much to do with a happy accident of geography.
None of these factors are sustainable. EU funding dries up in 2015. Emigration cannot continue indefinitely. And with the eurozone showing no signs of a general recovery, exporting to near neighbours has to be considered a risky strategy.
The Baltic states have driven through austerity, at huge cost – aside from the emigration, real wages have fallen on average by 15% in the last few years. But there are few reasons to suppose its “success” can be sustained.
The myth of successful Baltic austerity | New Economics Foundation