You are correct,
I didn't think it needed for YOU. It seems
my assumption was that you were sufficiently literate to have known of it yet willingly ignored it was an overly generous assumption of your learning. Therefore a link summing its content, the paper, and an opportunity to learn another perspective:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101027161452.htm
Friendships Moderate an Association between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology
Now then, no more excuses for dodging, right?
Red:
Okay....TY.
Blue:
Literacy qualifies one's ability to use linguistic tools -- vocabulary, grammar, idiom, literary devices, etc. -- to aptly and accurately deliver and receive messages. (Fluency measures how literate one is in a given language.) Literacy measures not what or how much one has read (or written/uttered). "Well read" is the the term that describes what and how much one has read.
I am literate (in English) and I'm somewhat well read; however, neither status means/implies I (or any other literate, fluent and/or well read person) have read all there is to read. Accordingly, one cannot aptly/rationally assume another has read any specific document that isn't among the content often taught in school.
What documents might one reasonably assume others have read? Well, that depends on many factors such as, for example, on what matters the person tacitly or expressly holds him-/herself out to be fairly well informed.[SUP]1[/SUP] Documents one can reasonably assume any adult has read and comprehended are those that appear commonly in high school curricula:
literature classics (or the Norton anthologies of English and American literature), a
US history survey textbook, a
world or European history survey textbook, physics, chemistry, and biology survey textbooks, algebra I and II, geometry, statistics and trigonometry textbooks, and at least some of the "great books." (See Note 1 below)
Note:
- Most folks, especially folks who bother to engage in discussions about politics and governance can be presumed to have read and analyzed most if not all of the following:
- Republic
- Metaphysics and Nicomachean Ethics
- "Two Treatises"
- Leviathan
- On Liberty
- The Social Contract
- The Bible
- Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles
- The Prince
- Democracy in America
- Summaries of Kant, Hume, Bentham, Confucius, Lao Tse, Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Sartre.
- Principles of macroeconomics and principles of microeconomics (no particular author)
Pink:
What?
Tan:
I was not aware of the paper you've referenced. Having now read it, I can assure you I wouldn't have referenced it. I wouldn't have because its authors state clearly that the paper is but an initial exposition of a hypothesis and the first test of it:
Here, we hypothesize that individuals with a genetic predisposition toward seeking out new experiences will tend to be more liberal, but only if they are embedded in a social context that provides them with multiple points of view. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we test this hypothesis by investigating an association between self-reported political ideology and the 7R variant of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4)...This is the first study to elaborate a specific gene-environment interaction that contributes to ideological self-identification...Thus, perhaps the most valuable contribution of this study is not to declare that ‘‘a gene was found’’ for anything, but rather, to provide the first evidence for a possible gene-environment interaction for political ideology.
-- Settle, et al, "Friendships Moderate an Association between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology"
Given that the study's authors are reticent to, based on their research, declare extant such a gene, why the hell would I, or anyone else unwilling to be taken as highly speculative and/or premature in forming conclusions and relying on their foundings, do so based on their research?
Moreover, the authors unequivocally state, "
We do not claim [our findings prove] a causal relationship between DRD4 and political ideology." Despite their clear denial of a causal relationship, you chose to assert their work found one, writing, "'liberal "openness'
is partially due to a variant, a mutation, in the dopamine receptor gene that blocks normal dopamine absorption."