The
Whig Party was a
political party of the
United States during the era of
Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the
Second Party System and operating from 1833 to 1856,
[1] the party was formed in opposition to the policies of
President Andrew Jackson and the
Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of
Congress over the
executive branch and favored a program of
modernization and
economic protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the
American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence, and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing
autocratic rule.
[2] The Whig Party counted among its members such national political luminaries as
Daniel Webster,
William Henry Harrison, and their preeminent leader,
Henry Clay of
Kentucky. In addition to Harrison, the Whig Party also counted four war heroes among its ranks, including Generals
Zachary Taylor and
Winfield Scott.
Abraham Lincoln was a Whig leader in frontier
Illinois.
In its over two decades of existence, the Whig Party saw two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president. Both, however, died in office.
John Tyler became president after Harrison's death, but was expelled from the party.
Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylor's death, was the last Whig to hold the nation's highest office.
The party was ultimately destroyed by the question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery to the territories. With deep fissures in the party on this question, the
anti-slavery faction successfully prevented the nomination of its own incumbent President Fillmore in the
1852 presidential election; instead, the party nominated General
Winfield Scott, who was soundly defeated. Its leaders quit politics (as Lincoln did temporarily) or changed parties. The voter base defected to the
Republican Party, various coalition parties in some states, and to the Democratic Party. By the
1856 presidential election, the party had lost its ability to maintain a national coalition of effective state parties and endorsed
Millard Fillmore, now of the
American Party, at its last national convention.
[3]