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The problem of media bias has a solution, as it always has...Use it.

I don't know whether Cronkite had an opinion on the eclipse. I know Tucker Carlson managed to have and air an opinion on Trump's viewing of the most recent one. Janice Dean posited that the eclipse would "bring all of America back together," that was clearly an opinion of things to come that didn't come to fruition.

Be that as it may, I provided two clips -- a segment and a whole show -- to illustrate the point that the news didn't label the nature of its content any more then than it does now. So watch the "whole show" clip, though I can tell as with the shorter one, you won't find any labeled segment.


As I said, there was no need to label a segment back then. The 'news' or reporting of it was not as varied as it is now. It was easily distinguishable as to the difference just by listening. Mainly because 'opinion' pieces were not as numerous as they are today.
 
Xelor just told you why, and it's pretty much the same thing I said when I wrote my column "TV News as a Consumer Product" in the Media Bias section right here on DP.

Why can't they tell you the truth? Because for the last 40 years we've been condition to reject whatever makes us uncomfortable, that's why. Because for the last 40 years TV news has been conditioned by their parent companies to deliver whatever makes ratings and profit, that's why.
Because focus groups tell the outlets what to deliver, and to whom, and in what manner it must be delivered.
And all of that is in direct opposition to the original idea behind journalism, which is to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable.
When TV was over-the-air and stations were given free FCC licenses to act "in the public interest," TV news was the "proof" that the station was acting in the public's interest, because the news usually lost money compared to the entertainment side. Once cable news showed up, that 24-hr. news had to be a profit center.

Now we have a swing on the other side, such as Sinclair broadcasting.
 
Hardly a day goes by when folks gripe about media bias of one sort or another. Much of it strikes me as much ado about nothing for what makes for a good doctor, economist, accountant, psychologist, lawyer, physicist or nearly any other profession? Some things one might think important are in fact, irrelevant. For instance, one's grades in graduate, law or medical school are important while one is there, but the instant one obtains one's professional certification, one is as good as everyone else having that certification and better than everyone who does not. The thing is that once one is "official," to stay that way, one must engage in continuing education for as long as one wants to practice in that field. What correlates best with one's being very good at one's profession is being well informed, and the way to do that is to read journals. I don’t know whether that means good professionals read more journals or reading more journals makes a better professional.

The thing is that the very same thing that make for good professionals make for good citizens. It's every bit as important for laymen to be cognizant of "what's what" in current events. This is as true now as it was in the Founder's days. Jefferson had some six thousand books in his library so he could be an informed contributor to discussions that captured his interest. The Renaissance predated Jefferson, yet he was a "Renaissance Man." Moderns blessed with the freedoms of democracy must also be, and the efficient way to do so is to include in one information gathering reading journal articles. There's just too much information packed into any one document to do it any other way.

Of course, few of us aim to match the knowledge and contextual expertise of professionals in a discipline that isn't ours, yet given the complexity of issues that confront us, we each have a duty to understand them well enough at least to make sage decisions about them. To do that one must quickly "get up to speed" without having to read two dozen textbooks, gain thousands of hours of experience, and so on.

It used to be that one could do that by turning on the TV and watching the news, but back then, news wasn't conceived and delivered as an entertaining and self-affirming product. It was what it was, but whether audiences liked the news content didn't matter. That, of course, is no longer so, yet one must still obtain information that, regardless of what one thinks about it, one has a way to assess its rigor and quality.

In spite of the Internet rapidly gaining a strong foothold as a quick source of information, reading journal articles, print or electronic, remains the most common way of acquiring new information for most of us who give a damn about being well informed and forming soundly defensible points of view. Newspaper reports or novels can be read insouciantly, but reading research reports and scientific articles requires concentration and meticulous approach. Regardless of the topic, journals are the place to go for the highest quality and most reliable information one can obtain. With more than 2.5 million new English-language papers are published each year in more than 28,000 [peer-reviewed] journals, there's at least one journal for every topic one can imagine, and likely some that one cannot.

Unlike Jefferson's time and before when books were expensive, there really is no excuse for not being well informed these days. Being well informed is something one accomplished by reading journals. Using the information one finds there, it makes little difference what news networks say; one'll be in good stead to know whether it's BS or credible.

What about a journal article makes it so much better than news pieces? The methodology section. Quite simply, whether one likes the conclusion(s) at which a researcher arrived, if the methodological approach that led to them is preponderantly sound, there's no basis for denying them. That's just not something one gets from news reporting. Can one encounter papers that are preponderantly methodologically unsound/incomplete? Of course, one can, but reading the methodology will allow one to tell whether that's so and, in turn, to what degree the findings "hold water" or don't. Frankly, that's a far better place to be in than is that of watching a panel of pundits on the "boob tube" prodigiously proffer and proselytize on the merits of myrial implausible policy ideas.

The solution is simple. I have not watched TV since 1990. That is the mind massaging medium in the USA. Bought and sold news narratives. That's the problem.
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Bias, editorial or opinion, or even analysis, should be clearly labeled as such, to distinguish it from "news". (reporting)

The problem with moving back to an earlier time of journalism where facts were stated and less biases concluded is many Americans now expect, no demand, news outlets determine the right choices for them. I'm not sure if this is a carryover from current day education where the student is taught what to think instead of earlier times when education taught a student how to think but I strongly suspect so.
 
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When TV was over-the-air and stations were given free FCC licenses to act "in the public interest," TV news was the "proof" that the station was acting in the public's interest, because the news usually lost money compared to the entertainment side. Once cable news showed up, that 24-hr. news had to be a profit center.

Now we have a swing on the other side, such as Sinclair broadcasting.

That is what I was referring to, and I admit that I didn't explain it as clearly as I could have.
As cable news is by nature a profit oriented enterprise, resurrecting the old Fairness Doctrine is well nigh impossible in its old form. If cable news outlets don't post a profit, they die.
Additionally, cable news channels do not require an FCC license because they are not transmitting over the airwaves.

That doesn't mean that some modernized version of the Fairness Doctrine cannot be forged, it just has to be responsive to the way modern news media operates. A modern day version would be more like a set of standards that define what is and isn't "news".
 
The problem with moving back to an earlier time of journalism where facts were stated and less biases concluded is many Americans now expect, no demand, news outlets determine the right choices for them. I'm not sure if this is a carryover from current day education where the student is taught what to think instead of earlier times when education taught a student how to think but I strongly suspect so.

Today television news is watched more often than people read newspapers, than people listen to the radio, than people read or gather any other form of communication. The reason: People are lazy. With television you just sit—watch—listen. The thinking is done for you.
---Roger Ailes - "A Plan for Putting the GOP on TV News" (memo to Nixon)

Of course, if you put that values statement up against the old Fox News slogan "We report, you decide", some cognitive dissonance is likely, isn't it?

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I do not lay all the blame directly on Ailes however.
Once cable news became dominant, and populated with competition, there was no way that they could adhere to a "public service" layout that served the old Fairness Doctrine.

The notion that news was being presented "in the public interest" was never codified directly into law, it was a gentleman's agreement which acknowledged that the prestige of doing so under the Fairness Doctrine enhanced the station's credibility as a news source, and that is how advertising was sold during news segments. Indeed, that is what minimized news department losses to some extent and occasionally allowed them to break even, or post a modest profit from time to time.

Simply put, 24 hour cable news made adherence to the Fairness Doctrine impossible. But with the parking brake disconnected, and no agreed upon hard journalistic standards, television news has become a consumer product akin to entertainment.
And journalistic standards and integrity suffer because they are forced to take a back seat.
Journalism is often lynched in favor of tabloid sensibilities and curated focus group driven agendas, all too often I daresay.
 
  • How News Has Changed
    • Mid-20th Century:
      • News organizations were self-contained and/or privately owned.
      • Television network leadership believed that providing news was a public service.
      • News wasn’t expected to make money.
      • News, for most Americans, consisted of local news and three half-hour (formerly 15 minute) programs delivered nightly and newspapers.
      • All TV news programs provided a common set of facts upon which viewers, no matter the network, could rely and thereby have discussions and debates.
      • Media concentration begins (1960s).
    • Late 20th Century:
      • Entertainment companies/conglomerates purchase news networks and require the news divisions to answer to shareholders and improve the bottom line, setting an expectation that the news divisions had to make money, just like the entertainment divisions, thus making news programs a product no different than a sitcom or drama.
      • To improve the profitability of the news, their corporate owners cut costs. E.g., at CBS, cuts included the foreign bureaus, documentary division, and enormous numbers of people in the newsroom, thus eroding the concepts and standards of quality news.
      • Advertisers transition from a homogeneous approach to ad purchasing to a market segmentation (target marketing) approach.
      • Cable television (cable news) appears, divvying up an undifferentiated national audience, abetting advertisers' shift from the expensive "mud on the wall" approach to the less expensive and higher ROI targeted one that delivered messaging to the narrow demographics they preferred.
      • 24-hour news cycle reduces the time available to obtain, vette and prepare news content and its presentation, increasing the incidence of dissonance, incomplete reports, inaccuracy, distortion, and contextually misleading material.
      • Trust in news (and the providers of it) begins to erode.
    • 21st Century:
      • Cognizant of advertisers' demand to target specific demographic groups, cable and Internet outlets/entrepreneurs create silos, "echo chambers," of information designed primarily to make money, and to do that they had to tailor their content so it attracts groups that advertisers aimed to reach. In other words, they found unreached demographics and created sites, channels, etc. intended to attract those individuals. "Content delivered to attract dollars rather than content delivered for the sake of sharing information" became paradigm for forming a news/information outlet. "Who's not hearing what they want to hear? It's 'so and so,' so let's create a place that tells them what they want to hear, and they'll come here to hear it."
      • Fewer reporters in TV news --> less original news reported/reporting.
      • Fewer reporters in TV news --> more editorial content and more news/information analysis.
      • Democratization of information: Internet presentations of information become undifferentiated; news, editorials, news analysis and everything else is just all "jumbled" together, making one look as "legit" as the next.
      • Consumers of news/information don't, just as they didn't in the mid-20th century, carefully analyze the methods used by information-providing outlets.
      • Privately held and/or self-contained news organizations having a stable financing model select and publish content using the "old" paradigm. For better or worse and as goes news (as distinct from information), however, this is, today just public broadcasting, newspapers, Reuters and AP, and small/smallish publications that aren't well known (e.g., McClatchy, The Economist, FT, and so on).
      • Publicly held news organizations select and publish content in accordance with a profit profile.
  • 7 trends in old and newmedia
    • Print newspapers are dinosaurs
    • Hard news is in danger
    • Television is important
    • And so is radio
    • News is now digital
    • Social media allows news (and “news”) to go viral
    • For the younger generation, news is delivered through comedy
Give the dissonant nature of news and information delivery, the way to combat it is to be very well well informed on a host of topics so that one can readily discern what info/news that comes one's way doesn't "pass the sniff test." Becoming that well informed is why one needs to read journal articles; their full exposition of methodology makes it very easy to tell whether their information is sound, thus credible.
 
  • How News Has Changed
    • Mid-20th Century:
      • News organizations were self-contained and/or privately owned.
      • Television network leadership believed that providing news was a public service.
      • News wasn’t expected to make money.
      • News, for most Americans, consisted of local news and three half-hour (formerly 15 minute) programs delivered nightly and newspapers.
      • All TV news programs provided a common set of facts upon which viewers, no matter the network, could rely and thereby have discussions and debates.
      • Media concentration begins (1960s).
    • Late 20th Century:
      • Entertainment companies/conglomerates purchase news networks and require the news divisions to answer to shareholders and improve the bottom line, setting an expectation that the news divisions had to make money, just like the entertainment divisions, thus making news programs a product no different than a sitcom or drama.
      • To improve the profitability of the news, their corporate owners cut costs. E.g., at CBS, cuts included the foreign bureaus, documentary division, and enormous numbers of people in the newsroom, thus eroding the concepts and standards of quality news.
      • Advertisers transition from a homogeneous approach to ad purchasing to a market segmentation (target marketing) approach.
      • Cable television (cable news) appears, divvying up an undifferentiated national audience, abetting advertisers' shift from the expensive "mud on the wall" approach to the less expensive and higher ROI targeted one that delivered messaging to the narrow demographics they preferred.
      • 24-hour news cycle reduces the time available to obtain, vette and prepare news content and its presentation, increasing the incidence of dissonance, incomplete reports, inaccuracy, distortion, and contextually misleading material.
      • Trust in news (and the providers of it) begins to erode.
    • 21st Century:
      • Cognizant of advertisers' demand to target specific demographic groups, cable and Internet outlets/entrepreneurs create silos, "echo chambers," of information designed primarily to make money, and to do that they had to tailor their content so it attracts groups that advertisers aimed to reach. In other words, they found unreached demographics and created sites, channels, etc. intended to attract those individuals. "Content delivered to attract dollars rather than content delivered for the sake of sharing information" became paradigm for forming a news/information outlet. "Who's not hearing what they want to hear? It's 'so and so,' so let's create a place that tells them what they want to hear, and they'll come here to hear it."
      • Fewer reporters in TV news --> less original news reported/reporting.
      • Fewer reporters in TV news --> more editorial content and more news/information analysis.
      • Democratization of information: Internet presentations of information become undifferentiated; news, editorials, news analysis and everything else is just all "jumbled" together, making one look as "legit" as the next.
      • Consumers of news/information don't, just as they didn't in the mid-20th century, carefully analyze the methods used by information-providing outlets.
      • Privately held and/or self-contained news organizations having a stable financing model select and publish content using the "old" paradigm. For better or worse and as goes news (as distinct from information), however, this is, today just public broadcasting, newspapers, Reuters and AP, and small/smallish publications that aren't well known (e.g., McClatchy, The Economist, FT, and so on).
      • Publicly held news organizations select and publish content in accordance with a profit profile.
  • 7 trends in old and newmedia
    • Print newspapers are dinosaurs
    • Hard news is in danger
    • Television is important
    • And so is radio
    • News is now digital
    • Social media allows news (and “news”) to go viral
    • For the younger generation, news is delivered through comedy
Give the dissonant nature of news and information delivery, the way to combat it is to be very well well informed on a host of topics so that one can readily discern what info/news that comes one's way doesn't "pass the sniff test." Becoming that well informed is why one needs to read journal articles; their full exposition of methodology makes it very easy to tell whether their information is sound, thus credible.

Which gets hard to do when you're working 40+ hours a week and taking care of a family. There has to be something less time intensive.
 
Which gets hard to do when you're working 40+ hours a week and taking care of a family. There has to be something less time intensive.

When I worked 6-7 days a week (which was for most of my career), five of which were routinely 14 hour days, I somehow managed to fit in reading journals. What I didn't have time for was dedicated television watching.

I am a single parent of four kids and have been since the early 2000s. I started my own firm which I built from the ground up, which entailed my having to work every day of the week until not too long back when I sold it to a larger firm and joined that firm.

For being busier than a one armed paper hanger, I could still find at least an hour over the course of the day to allot to reading current and past research articles, which, frankly, given the way written, allowed for about four a day. That was just fine because the point of reading research is to acquire knowledge so one can tell whether the news and news commentary one hears is BS, slightly misrepresentative, contextually amiss, downright duplicitous and/or dissembling, on-point, "ignernt," etc.

I have for my entire life had the same 24 hours in a day that everyone else does. If one is committed to being well informed, one will find a way to be so. It's not a matter of time; it's a matter of will.

It'd be different were I a politician, but I'm not. I am a voter, so I don't care about the politics of an issue; I care only about the substance of the issue and the representations politicians make about the issues they discuss. The only way to enable oneself to make sense of "politician speak" is to become well informed without regard to the politics of the issue. Obviously, some issues one just doesn't care about at all, so there's not much need to listen to the pols' remarks on them or to get well informed about them.

My main areas of interest are economics, the law, climate change and several abstruse business-related topics (usually behavior economics and psychology). Sure, journal article reading begins slowly -- it takes some time to recognize what of an article read and what to skip -- but after a while, it rarely takes more than 15 minutes to read one. To wit, if one isn't of a mind to challenge the legitimacy of a writer's conclusions, there's no need to bother with reading the methodology section. On the other hand, if one reads the conclusions and thinks "how can that possibly be so," well, one needs to read the methodology to see whether it's sound. The thing is that unlike news, the methodology is there for one to examine and see for oneself whether there are material flaws in it. (It's not uncommon to find minor things with which might take exception, but minor things almost never alter the results' legitimacy because, well, they're minor.)
 
One way to fix the problem is to officially define where freedom of the press, begins and ends, so lawyers can get involved in slander and libel law suits against journalists who work outside that freedom. For example, freedom of speech does not protect you, if you yell fire in a crowed theater. That type of limit also needs to be defined for journalism. Freedom of speech and press does not allow PC limits to be exceeded so there is already some precedent.

Freedom of the press does not mean all you need is a degree in journalism and you are now in a union, that can lie, disrespect and misrepresent for fun and profit, without anybody able to do anything, legally. There are certain responsibilities, which if exceeded, should make journalists vulnerable to the same slander, liable and public threat laws everyone else is vulnerable to. If you get lawyers involved, the sharks will herd the journalists for money, with this pot of money coming from the deep pockets the journalists work for. It pays for itself.
 
Would the right now call Cronkite and Murrow leftists? I'm pretty sure they would. That's how far apart the rift has become.
 
One way to fix the problem is to officially define where freedom of the press, begins and ends, so lawyers can get involved in slander and libel law suits against journalists who work outside that freedom. For example, freedom of speech does not protect you, if you yell fire in a crowed theater. That type of limit also needs to be defined for journalism. Freedom of speech and press does not allow PC limits to be exceeded so there is already some precedent.

Freedom of the press does not mean all you need is a degree in journalism and you are now in a union, that can lie, disrespect and misrepresent for fun and profit, without anybody able to do anything, legally. There are certain responsibilities, which if exceeded, should make journalists vulnerable to the same slander, liable and public threat laws everyone else is vulnerable to. If you get lawyers involved, the sharks will herd the journalists for money, with this pot of money coming from the deep pockets the journalists work for. It pays for itself.
The limits of freedom of the press -- something that accrues from the 1st Amendment -- have already been defined. One document that explains the nature and extent of limits on journalistic expression is this one: Freedom of Speech and Press:Exceptions to the First Amendment. It and others are

Frankly, those limits have been discussed a hell of a lot, and individuals who read scholarly articles on the matter are aware of the nature and extent of the press' freedom of expression. (Obviously, for the specific topic you mentioned, freedom of the press, the papers will be technical with regard to jurisprudence rather than with regard to science. That said, occasionally, one can find jurisprudential matters evaluated using quantitative methods.)

The central point of the OP is that consuming journal article content rather than "popular" (mass market, if you will) news and information content will imbue one with knowledge needed to know what's been done, determined, etc. and what has not.
 
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