Re: What do we replace religion with?
Shakespeare had amazing insight into the human condition, no question. But it was the insight of an artist. It is breathtakingly beautiful, and I am not trying to devalue it or caricature it at all. It just needs to be understood for what it is, with all its limitations. His portrait and study of characters like Iago, or Lear, or Hamlet, or MacBeth are so beautiful for the same reason that Michaelangelo or DaVinci's or Rafael's portraits are so beautiful: they are a realistic and beautifully artistic study of the real world.
But that's all they are: artistic studies. Shakespeare gives you no final, concrete answers. You can't build anything on it, even if it's something as poetic sounding as "the arc of life". [shortened to meet post length limit]
To be sure, "Shakespeare had amazing insight into the human condition" -- same goes for all the great Artists, poets, playwrights, novelists, painters, sculptors, and musical composers whose work has become part of the canon of world literature. That's one of the reasons they are still relevant after centuries and milennia. The "beauty" of their achievement is only a part of what these works are about, the part given attention in aethetics and the philosophy of art. The "insights" are something different from the "beauty."
These insights, individually and all together, render human nature in narrative, in picture, in physical form, in musical feeling. Ther can be not "but" about this, and your "but it was the insight of an artist" and your "but that's all they are: artistic studies" reveal an egregious lack of appreciation of Art. We converse across a great divide, you and I, a divide created by education, temperament, and philosophical outlook.
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As far as the value of being, and always remaining perplexed, let me quote Richard Feynman, the legendary Nobel Prize laureate in physics. He talks of science and the scientific mindset, and its application to ethics and social policy. Allow me to quote at length:
Feynman is half right and wholly wrong. He's half right when he acknowledges the Socratic ideal, that of knowing that we know nothing, i,e,, the ideal of epistemic humility; but Feynman is wholly wrong in attributing the source of that ideal to science, and he is wholly wrong in attributing the provenance of liberal democracy to the spirit of science, demonstrating into the bargain the arrogance of science in these attributions, i.e., demonstrating the defining characteristic of scientism, which began seeping into the cultural tea in Feynman's generation of science and has since soaked into the brains of the educated and semi-educated classes, to their detriment.
I've posted this journal article once or twice before in the course of the past year. I post it again here out of a sense of obligation, and because you appear to be more open-minded than the rest.
The Folly of Scientism
When I decided on a scientific career, one of the things that appealed to me about science was the modesty of its practitioners. The typical scientist seemed to be a person who knew one small corner of the natural world and knew it very well, better than most other human beings living and better even than most who had ever lived. But outside of their circumscribed areas of expertise, scientists would hesitate to express an authoritative opinion. This attitude was attractive precisely because it stood in sharp contrast to the arrogance of the philosophers of the positivist tradition, who claimed for science and its practitioners a broad authority with which many practicing scientists themselves were uncomfortable.
The temptation to overreach, however, seems increasingly indulged today in discussions about science. Both in the work of professional philosophers and in popular writings by natural scientists, it is frequently claimed that natural science does or soon will constitute the entire domain of truth. And this attitude is becoming more widespread among scientists themselves. All too many of my contemporaries in science have accepted without question the hype that suggests that an advanced degree in some area of natural science confers the ability to pontificate wisely on any and all subjects.
[the headings found in the article:]
The Abdication of the Philosophers
The Eclipse of Metaphysics
The Eclipse of Epistemology
The Eclipse of Ethics
The Persistence of Philosophy
https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-folly-of-scientism
Anyway, here, in case you're interested, is one answer to your perplexity about the nature of man; it is given in a relatively short talk (about a half hour, the rest of the 1:45 is given over to Q&A) by Alasdair MacIntyre, the most important philosopher alive today.
Alasdair MacIntyre - Ends and Endings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fURsunj61Y