The thing is.. if you look at those genetic groups... the variation between the individuals of those groups on average is greater than the variations between the groups.That is why it would be more scientifically accurate to say 'ethnic group', rather than race.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1893020/
Yes, Let me help.
The numbers usually cited are 85%/15%.
That claim originated by eminent geneticist Richard Lewontin who is famous for saying (enshrining) that
'85% of the difference is among races and only 15% between them.'
Of course, while this is 'true', it's is deceiving and has become known as
"Lewontin's Fallacy." Google please.
But It's true ONLY when looking at one gene loci at a time.
When looking at more than in, such as 100, race is 99% obvious and distinguishable.
1.
Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy.
Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy. - PubMed - NCBI
2.
Evo and Proud: The fast runners of evolution
[.....]
2. Lewontin’s finding is true only if we look at one gene at a time
Genes vary much more within than between human populations only if we look at one gene at a time. The pattern reverses if we aggregate variation at several gene loci. The more we aggregate, the more the genetic variation will exist between populations and not within them. This point was first made by Cavalli-Sforza back in 1966 and later by Mitton (1977, 1978), Edwards (2003), and Sesardic (2010).
3. A big chunk of inter-individual genetic variation is actually intra-individual
Although only 15% of human genetic variation is composed of population differences, the remaining 85% is not necessarily between individuals. Since we are diploid organisms, some genetic variation is actually intra-individual—the differences between the genes you inherited from your mother and the genes you inherited from your father. If we factor out this kind of variation, population differences actually account for a Third of all human genetic variation (Sarich and Miele, 2004)
[.......]
(a) Much genetic variation is of Low selective value, often being little more than "junk" variability, and thus responds weakly to changes in selection pressure.
(b) Much genetic variation is equally adaptive in both of the new adaptive landscapes. There are many cases of genetic polymorphisms that widely occur not only among different populations of one species, but also among related species (Klein et al., 1998).
Fst cannot tell us how much populations really differ from each other within a species—and by ‘really’ we’re talking about adaptive differences that show up in anatomy, physiology, and behavior. It basically tells us how long these populations have been separated from each other, with some adjustment for ongoing gene flow. In our case, Fst tells us that human races are young, very young.
But this we know already. The past 40,000 years have seen our ancestors spread into a multitude of natural environments—from tropical rain forest to arctic tundra....
We also know that these same years have seen an Accelerating pace of genetic change. Natural selection has altered at least 7% of our genome over the last 40,000 years. In particular, the speed of genetic change rose over a Hundred-fold with the advent of agriculture some 10,000 years ago (Hawks et al, 2007).
Looking at Gene Clusters instead of single locations, the results are Unmistakable.
3.
Human genetic variation, Fst and Lewontin's fallacy in pictures
Information Processing: Human genetic variation, Fst and Lewontin's fallacy in pictures
Figure: The THREE clusters shown above are European (top, green + Red), Nigerian (light blue) and E. Asian (Purple + Blue).
The figure seems to contradict an often stated observation about human genetic diversity, which has become known among experts as Lewontin's fallacy: genetic variation between two random individuals in a given population accounts for 80% or more of the total variation within the entire human population. Therefore, according to the fallacy, any classification of humans into groups ("races") based on genetic information is impossible. ("More variation within groups than between groups.")
Can anyone claim there is No Unmistakable difference when looking at Clusters/MORE than one gene at a time?
Of course NOT.
The same way (AND reason) you would be able to tell apart with 100% Accuracy, 100 pygmies, from 100 East Asians, from 100 Scandinavians.
4. Lewontin's Fallacy explained/Debunked in a single 6 min Youtube
Easy to understand.
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