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I find your examples flawed.
The owner of the cheeseburger shop is free to charge different customers different amounts. When I worked at a McDonald's, I got an employee discount. That's a common practice. The owner sometimes gave away food to his friends.
Your dentist does not charge the cubicle bunny the same as you, most likely. Does the cubicle bunny have insurance? Is the particular dentist in network? The insurance company will almost always pay a different rate than an out-of-pocket customer. And, of course, someone who isn't able to pay is likely to receive some amount of charity care.
And consider a Certificate of Deposit or an interest rate on a bank loan. The higher your income, the less you'll pay in interest. The more you invest, the better return you'll get. The wealthy get better interest rates and face fewer penalties and fees in practice.
In all of the above examples, the price you pay depends on whether or not you are a member of a particular group or class.
weak examples
the vast majority of stuff that is sold or services are rendered is based on the value given, not the income of the buyer