Federal Law
• Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004, 18 U.S.C.A. § 1801.
• Jurisdiction limited to maritime and territorial jurisdiction, or federal property
including but not limited to territories, federal reserves or parks, federal prisons,
etc.
• Prohibits the recording by any means or disseminating images of an individual’s
“private areas” without consent under circumstances in which that individual has
a reasonable expectation of privacy, regardless of whether the individual is in a
private or public location.
• Penalty of a fine and/or up to one year imprisonment.
The following states have laws which prohibit non-consensual photographic or video
recording of persons in a state of undress or nudity in locations where the individual
has a reasonable expectation of privacy. These locations vary and include, but are not
exclusive of: restrooms, changing areas, locker rooms.
*In addition to criminalizing video voyeurism as stated above, states marked with an
asterisk also specifically prohibit what is known as “upskirting” and “down-blousing.”
These laws prohibit surreptitious or concealed photography and video recordings of an
individual’s body, under or through that persons clothing, without the individual’s
knowledge and consent regardless of whether the individual is in a private or public
location. The additional language is part of the statute cited, unless a separate citation
is given.