Not really. Let's look at three recent presidents. If you didn't already know the answer, could you tell which of them was Mexican, Italian, and Egyptian based on their picture?
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Heck, Mubarak and Berlusconi look like they could be brothers...
Ethnicity isn't a Western convention, but our CONCEPT of ethnicity is most definitely Western (and more specifically, Anglophonic Western). We are the only culture that I know of which neatly classifies people into a few buckets (e.g. black, white, Asian, Arab, Hispanic, Native American, etc). I don't know too much about ethnic attitudes in pre-WW2 Japan, but my understanding is that it was basically "Japanese" and "everyone else." Which would actually support my point that ethnicity tends to be based much more on culture than genetics, ancestral place of origin, or physical traits.