Assuming that your presumption of inequality of opportunity doesn't exist, how do we get to that ideal situation?
I'm not even American, let alone a policy-maker, but I imagine a few key points would be:
> Reform the justice system: America's imprisonment rates are absurdly high compared to other countries, perhaps due in part to profit-driven prison systems, even though it's well-known that imprisonment often leads to
higher criminality rates on release. The system should be aimed at rehabilitation, not punishment, and imprisoning people for things like minor drug possession charges is absurd (especially when it contributes so much to single-parent households).
> Improve the education system: I've heard that a great deal is already spent on public education, so maybe reform is needed rather than just more cash. In particular, urban kids should have
a lot more opportunities for field trips - camping, hiking, fishing etc. (and maybe the reverse for rural kids). Humans are intelligent, curious creatures and kids are no exception, but making education a dreary prison system for young minds is a recipe for disaster,
especially in poorer urban areas.
> More focus on sexual education: Understanding things like the warped perspectives which can result from porn being so easily accessible online to teenage boys (so both girls and boys have a better chance of handling it), understanding why teenage pregnancy can jeopardize lifelong goals, understanding why stable two-parent families are so important for kids' upbringing, and ensuring availability of contraceptives for everyone, and abortion if required.
> Reform to discourage welfare dependency: Gradually reduce welfare payments for each child beyond the 1st or 2nd, to discourage large poor families and give a better chance to each child. Require mandatory job training/education after several months on unemployment benefits, and
gradually reduce the payment if recipients don't comply. Correlate the payments against the local unemployment rates so that if there's literally no work available, conditions on the payments are less stringent. Offer incentives for moving to areas where workers are needed.
> Free universal healthcare, so illness doesn't drag families down.
> Gun control, to help reduce the appalling rates of homicide in poor urban communities and help ensure that police aren't forced to live in such mortal fear of the people they wanted to protect and serve.
Edit: And include in the educational stuff some teaching about the crab pot mentality which Harry's been talking about - also a pretty big issue!