The conclusion of
An Answer To Stephen Zarlenga is as follows:
"I explain in my book (1999, p. 188), though in more abstract language, that the reason that the townsfolk can accept a cattleman’s coins is because the cattlemen themselves accept each other’s coins
only until the next clearing house meeting. Cattlemen have private armies and, if a townsman is refused redemption, he has no recourse except to spread the word that he caught that man out. But that is sufficient because the cattleman who is caught short cannot survive the next clearing house meeting. His peers have private armies too. This is a point that has mystified many. They see coins of various marks accepted freely in town and they do not realize that they are accepted freely
in town only because they are
not accepted freely at the clearing house.
"The townsfolk do not accept a money substitute (coins in antiquity, checks in 1844) because the issuer 'vied for their acceptance' as Kindleberger (1996, p. 62) claims. They accept it because the issuer is alive, which is taken as evidence that he has survived the latest clearing house meeting. If they go to the feedlot to redeem a man’s coins and find that his cows are all gone and, in their place, the cattleman’s head has been put on a stake, then they know that his coins are no good anymore. The material the coins are made of, gold, is not yet considered money (it will be thousands of years before gold, not cattle, is money), but it has
use-value and can be sold to the mint in the same way that flour can be sold to the baker. It is back to this use, the minting of cow-tokens, that Mises’ regression theorem traces the value of gold, not to the making of pretty necklaces.
"In conclusion, I must commend Zarlenga for his scholarship in researching events that took place thousands of years ago. It may seem that, having conceded to Zarlenga the bulk of his argument that gold coins were tokens for cows, there is little difference in our positions. But the one point that Zarlenga misses is the keystone, without which his whole thesis collapses:
Cow-tokens were issued by the people who owned the cows.
"The church elders did not just write the equation '130 grains of gold = one cow' on the bulletin board at their temple and expect people to obey it. How could that work? The only reason someone would accept a gold coin is because the issuer was known to have a herd of cattle and to have proclaimed that anybody who brought one of his coins back to him would get a cow. Zarlenga is right that the merchants in town did not issue the coins, but he did not look far enough when he decided that the city government did. The coins were issued by a rural cattle baron. They
circulated in the city, but they were not
issued by any entity, public or private, in the city."
REFERENCES
Aguilar, Victor. 1999.
Axiomatic Theory of Economics. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Kindleberger, Charles. 1996.
Manias, Panics and Crashes. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.