Can I prove that the Prophet was not referring to war with non-believers when 'jihad' is mentioned in the Qur'an? No. Can I prove that there are as many references to 'jihad' with broader meanings than simply that? Yes. You claim, "when the Prophet discussed Jihad he was predominantly talking about warfare?" I'm looking forward to seeing your proof.
My proof that he was not is here:
1.
Eleven different meanings of the term all with quotations from relevant suras showing that 'war with the unbeliever' is just one of many meanings of 'jihad'.#18 - Jihad Explained | Institute of Islamic Information and Education
2. "Not all war is
jihad and not all
jihad is war". You can check out the wider explanation of the role of jihad in a great, short tract I downloaded from The Royal Aal Al-byt Institute for Islamic Thought.
English Publications
3. "Jihad is a very broad concept that includes theories of just war. But the Koran is very clear that Muslims are only to wage defensive wars," Jeremiah McAuliffe
Interesting guy, a Muslim convert from Catholicism and very rational thinker and debater. Here's his story...
Conversion Story of Jeremiah McAuliffe, Jr. (Dec. 97)
And here's his views on the misuse of the term 'Jihad'...
'Jihad' misused, misunderstood, scholar says
Yes, I used the word, I did not make it the subject of the current debate. You did that. That's a straw man argument.
You can source an argument for most things using a religious text. What makes an argument valid or invalid is not that you can find a sura, chapter, or verse that ostensibly supports your assertion, but that context, precedent and scholastic enquiry have supported your interpretation of that piece of scripture. Look at the WBC. They have a chapter and verse justification for all their acts of bigotry. That doesn't mean that their interpretation of the scripture is one that holds water for most theologists.