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Lets use your example of laws barring 9 year olds from marrying. Based on the 14th amendment, there are 3 levels of scrutiny that could apply. The most strict is called Strict Scrutiny, which applies in cases of fundamental rights. For a law restricting a fundamental right, it must pass 3 tests:
1: The law must be a compelling government interest. This is somewhat vague, but it is certainly safe to say that protecting minors is a compelling government interest, so no problem on that front.
2: The law must be narrowly tailored to achieve the interest. In this case, a law prohibiting minors below a certain age would fit, as it applies to that interest.
3: The law must be the least restrictive means for achieving that interest. Again, in this example, making it illegal for those under a certain age to marry is the least restrictive way to achieve that interest.
Like most people who pass the bar exam, I understand the strict scrutiny standard. If you know of any decisions where the Supreme Court has heard a challenge to a state law against bigamy, polygamy, incestuous marriage, or child marriage, applied strict scrutiny, and yet upheld the law, please cite them. Strict scrutiny review is so demanding that it's next to impossible for any law, no matter what subject it concerns, to survive it.
You won't find any such decisions, because contrary to what you claim, the Court has never said that there is a fundamental right to bigamy, polygamy, incestuous marriage, or child marriage. The Court in Loving v. Virginia, citing a 1942 decision, Skinner v. Oklahoma, said marriage is "one of the basic civil rights of man, fundamental to our very existence and survival," calling it a "fundamental freedom." But Loving concerned a marriage between one man and one woman, and nowhere did the Court even imply that its comments applied to any other form of marriage. Nor has it implied that in any other decision.