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No, it couldn't. It provides EQUAL protection, not ANY protection.
It's a mistake to read the Equal Protection Clause too literally. The Supreme Court has sometimes upheld laws that subjected similarly situated persons to grossly unequal treatment. In Nordliner v. Hahn, a 1978 decision, it upheld a California law known as Proposition 13, which gave a property tax break to longtime residents. In the case that prompted the suit, a homeowner had been charged several times as much property tax as another person who owned a nearly identical house nearby but had lived in it longer. Not unconstitutional. How do you like that for "equal protection?"