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I believe it was legal up until 1947 - when the Establishment Clause was incorporated against the states. The last state to have an established religion was Massachusetts, and all made the decision on their own to "disestablish" decades before the 14th amendment was passed... North Carolina disestablished in 1776. They did have a law that made it illegal for anyone other than a Christian to serve in office up until 1875. They still have a law that forbids atheists from serving, but I doubt it's been tested.
By the year 1702 all 13 American colonies had some form of state-supported religion. This support varied from tax benefits to religious requirements for voting or serving in the legislature. Below are excerpts from colonial era founding documents citing these religious references.
Most instances of state-supported religion were removed before 1850, and the remaining requirements became null and void after the passing of the 14th Amendment on July 28, 1868. New Hampshire and North Carolina removed the nullified religious references from their state constitutions in 1875 and 1877 respectively.
I. Time Between Original Colonial Charter and End of State-Supported Religion