I had to pull this out for its own post....
What? The very name "America" was unknown? Where are you getting this?
Oh c'mon. Why even ask when you know you won't be receptive? For a very long time, little was known about America in the Islamic deserts. The first recorded mention of America as a political symbol in the Islamic world was in Istanbul around 1792 when the newly arrived ambassador of the French Republic pulled into port with three flags hoisted...the colors of the Ottoman Empire, France, and America. But even this was a French enterprise and not an American one and it was well north of the Arab heartland. It wasn't until the late 19th century and early twentieth century that more attention was given to America in textbooks, encyclopedia, and newspapers, but it was very limited and was more generally descriptive rather than detailed in nature.
Before all of this, some unemployed officers from our Civil War actually found employment in the service of Muslim rulers to help them modernize and train their armies. But it wasn't until the Second World War and the boom of global expansion when we started seeing a Middle East that placed "America" as a focus of interest and in most circles, they had never heard of us. Before this period of enlightenment, it was the more learned and educated that had brief information about America. And by the start of the Cold War, most of what they heard came from Germans, Russians, and a zealot called Qutb.
What? Since forever and a day....
Clearly something deeper is involved. Sayyid Qutb's stay in the US was a crucial period in the development of his ideas concerning the relations between Islam and the outside world, particularly the US and within itself. I've already brought up the propaganda machine of Germany's Rainer Maria Rilke, Oswald Spengler, Ernst Junger, and Martin Heidegger as interests of study. And of course there was Russia. But what else about Russia? Check out their history. Middle Eastern resentments of imperial powers have not always been consistent.
1) The Soviet Union, which retained and extended the imperial conquests of the czars of Russia, ruled with no light hand over tens of millions of Muslim subjects in Central Asia and in the Caucasus for a long time. Before WWII, Russia was expanding southward and had incorporated vast Muslim territories in their empire, at the expense of Turkey and Persia. In the Russo-Iranian wars of
1804-1813 and
1826-1828, the Russians had acquired the northern part of Azerbaijan (a
Persian Province), which would later become a
republic of the Soviet Union. During WWII, the Soviets occupied Iran with the British. When the war ended, the British withdrew and Russia stayed (many argue that this was when the Cold War began to take shape) along with being strongly entrenched in the Balkans and threatening Turkey on both it's eastern and western borders. With America's help, the Turks were able to refuse the Soviet demand for bases in the Straits, while the Iranians dismantled the Communist state which was set up in Azerbaijan and reasserted Iranian soveriegnty over it's territory. Our efforts to keep Iran from communist hands saw us quickly move to help convert Iran into an anti-communist block and would later bring us great and unfair criticism.
2) The Soviet Union played a significant role in procuring the majority by which the General Assembly if the United Nations voted to establish a Jewish state in Palestine and then gave Isreal immediate lawful recognition. The US was more hesitant and gave only
de facto recognition. More importantly, the our government maintained a partial arms embargo on Israel, while Czechoslavakia, with Moscow's authorization, immediately sent a supply of weaponry which enabled the new state to survive against Muslim protests and determination to out it. Even up to a decade following the founding, American dealings with the Israel was limited and cautious. It wasn't until 1956, that the US intervened, forcefully and decisively, to secure the withdrawal of the Israeli, British, and French forces. And it wasn't until 1967 that Israel stopped relying on European, mainly French suppliers, and started receiving from America.
3) But what about the circumstances surrounding 1955? With Turkey and Iran entering into the Western (American) alliance in the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviets backed off. But the
Russian-Egyptian Arms agreement of 1955 brought Russia back into the Middle East and saw the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser importing arms from the Soviet bloc to build his arsenal for the confrontation with Israel (despite Russia's clear approval of the new state's creation on the international stage). The Arab states were more experienced with Western imperialsim so they were more favorabale to the Soviets. This allowed the Soviets to establish a very strong position among the newly independant Arab states. At first, the Soviets proceeded exactly as Western governments have done - miltary bases, supply of weapons, military "guidance," and economic and cultural penetration. But if we look at every location where the Soviet Union was venturing, there can be little doubt that, had it not been for American oppositoin, the Cold War, and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union, the Arab world would at best have shared the fate of Poland and Hungary - probably
Uzbekistan.
4) As I mentioned before, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the installation of a "puppet" government was probably the most clear and obvious case of imperialist aggression, conquest, and domination. And yet the response from Arab and more generally the Islamic world was muted. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the Soviet aggression, used politically correct words like "intervener" and didn't even name the Soviet Union as the aggressor. Among the Arab countries, Syria and Algeria abstained; South yemen voted against the resolution; Libya was absent. Hell, the PLO even made a public speech strongly defending the Soviet action. That most hypocritical Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), which is supposed to be concerned about Islamic human rights, yet only focuses on the outside world and not how they treat their own people, did much of the same. Libya even attacked the USA in this meeting as some sort of conspirator. After all was said and done, it was left to the United States to organize, with some success, an Islamic counterattack to Soviet imperialism in Afghanistan. This too, would be something for our critics to later unfairly criticize us about.
5) During the Iran-Iraq war, the Soviets supplied Saddam Hussein with large amounts of conventional arms. Saddam Hussein received the vast majority of his arms in that war from Russia, China, and France. America falls in at the bottom of the list. Ayatollah Khomeini helped this alliance along by deeming Islam principally incompatible with the communist ideals of the Soviet Union, which left the secular Saddam as an ally of Moscow. After the war, especially with the fall of the USSR, Tehran-Moscow relations witnessed a sudden increase in diplomatic and commercial relations, and Iran soon even began purchasing weapons from Russia. By the mid 1990s, Russia had already agreed to continue work on developing Iran's Nuclear Program, with plans to finish constructing the nearly 20 year delayed
Nuclear Reactor plant of Bushehr. Iran in turn, a self-proclaimed advocate of Muslim national rights (such as in Lebanon and the Palestinian Territories), was largely silent in condemning the violence against Chechnya during the first and second Chechen Wars.
America has done nothing of the above. We have not "conquered" Muslim lands to rule over them. We have not subjegated them. The most humane treatment of Muslims can be found in the U.S. As the Cold War, developed our support towards Israel seems to have been based mostly on replacing Britian as the defender of the Middle East against outside attack, specifically from the Soviet Union. Even Muslim governments that had no help from us are labeled as "puppet governments" for simply condusting diplomacy and business with us by their Radicals and extremists. America has always given financial support towards Palestinians (way more than grossly wealthy Arab states) and has been the driving force behind every peace struggle between the two societies. And yet the Soviet Union suffered no backlash of anger and hatred from the Arab community throughout the entire episode of Russian/Soviet involvement. The Soviets have sufferred no penalties or even reproof for their suppression of Islam in the Central Asian and Transcaucasian republics, where two hundred mosques were "licensed" to serve the religious needs of 50 million Muslims. And this is only Russia. For that matter, the Chinese are not condemned for their battles against Muslims in Sinkiang. America has received no credit for its efforts to save Muslims in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Albania.
What we get is a failing civilization seeking to blame everyone but themselves for the decisions their own people have made and a never ending accusation of collaberating with Satan himself against the world of Islam. When we take into facts everything that has happened in that region, our foreign policy is merely a scapegoat for those who seek religious support in order to wage their war for God and they have many in the West fooled as they repeat their rhetoric. After all tat has been done to them by European powers, the Soviets, and others, and despite our efforts to keep the peace in that region and protect it from communist fates, WE are labeled as Satan for the shah of Iran who defied his zealots, supporting Saddam Hussein who waged a war against these zealots, and for supporting Israel.
The use of our "foriegn policy" is BS. Especially when considering their gripes about us and the hypocricy of their won treatment towards each other. We would be the best friend they have were it not for their Radical's fears of our culture influencing the
sanctity of their religion.